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Topic Review
Parkia speciosa
Medicinal plants may act as an alternative resource or adjunctive treatment option in the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Parkia speciosa (Fabaceae) is a plant found abundantly in the Southeast Asian region. Extracts of P. speciosa, particularly from its seeds and empty pods, show the presence of polyphenols. They also exhibit potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties. Its hypoglycemic properties are reported to be associated with the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmat-4-en-3-one.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles
Cancer is one of the major healthcare challenges across the globe. Several anticancer drugs are available on the market but they either lack specificity or have poor safety, severe side effects, and suffer from resistance. So, there is a dire need to develop safer and target-specific anticancer drugs. More than 85% of all physiologically active pharmaceuticals are heterocycles or contain at least one heteroatom. Nitrogen heterocycles constituting the most common heterocyclic framework.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Safety, Toxicity of Phage Therapy
Lytic bacteriophages (phages) have been known to be a potential antibacterial agent for over a century since their first formal discovery and application as a treatment against human bacterial infections in the 1920s. Though subsequent success of antibiotics had quelled investigations into phage as potential anti-infectives, increasing antibiotic resistance has hastened the reemergence of interest in phage therapy. Despite attractive advantages, including widespread prevalence, activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, high specificity, and activity against biofilms, phage therapy is still not considered a mainstream treatment due to several obstacles. First, the lack of reliable data regarding its safety and efficacy in clinical settings. Second, appropriate regulatory guidelines specific to phage therapeutics have not been developed. Finally, the pharmaceutical and biotech industries have not yet developed economical and scalable production processes for widespread adoption of phage therapy. While much progress has been made, many questions remain, such as the safety and toxicity of phage preparations.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Phytate and Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent bone disorder especially in post-menopausal women. Lifestyle interventions such as physical activity and nutrition play an important role in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral loss. Phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate or InsP6) is the main phosphorus reservoir that is present in almost all wholegrains, legumes, and oilseeds. It is a major component of the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets. Phytate is recognized as a nutraceutical and is classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). Phytate has been shown to be effective in treating or preventing certain diseases. Phytate has been shown to inhibit calcium salt crystallization and, therefore, to reduce vascular calcifications, calcium renal calculi and soft tissue calcifications. 
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Estrogen in Stress-Induced Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Homeostasis
Estrogens are among important contributing factors to many sex differences in neuroendocrine regulation of energy homeostasis induced by stress. Research in this field is warranted since chronic stress-related psychiatric and metabolic disturbances continue to be top health concerns, and sex differences are witnessed in these aspects.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Population Stratification
Population stratification (or population structure) is the presence of a systematic difference in allele frequencies between subpopulations in a population, possibly due to different ancestry, especially in the context of association studies.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Effectiveness of Intermittent Hypoxia–Hyperoxia Therapy in Different Pathologies
Intermittent oxygen therapy (IHT), initially used in the hypoxic administration variant, has been shown to be effective in various pathologies studied, from cardiopulmonary to vascular and metabolic pathologies and more. IHT used to prevent and treat various diseases has thus gained more and more attention as the years have passed. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects have been investigated at multiple biological levels, from systemic physiological reactions to genomic regulation. In the last decade, a new method of intermittent oxygen therapy has been developed that combines hypoxic and hyperoxic periods. They can be applied both at rest and during physical exercise, hence the specific indications in sports medicine. It has been hypothesized that replacing normoxia with moderate hyperoxia may increase the adaptive response to the intermittent hypoxic stimulus by upregulating reactive oxygen species and hypoxia-inducible genes. 
  • 1.8K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatments
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract with a highly heterogeneous presentation. It has a relapsing and remitting clinical course that necessitates lifelong monitoring and treatment. Although the availability of a variety of effective therapeutic options including immunomodulators and biologics (such as TNF, CAM inhibitors) has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment outcomes and clinical management of IBD patients, some patients still either fail to respond or lose their responsiveness to therapy over time.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Strategies for Reversing Senescence and the Mechanisms
Ageing can be defined as a time-dependent decline in the functionality of the body. At the cellular level, its essence can be seen as a gradual loss of normal cell function accompanied by a series of ageing phenotypes. Breaking the dominance of the senescent microenvironment in the senescent organism and changing this balance to one dominated by the rejuvenating microenvironment has the opportunity to reprogram the metabolism of senescent cells and thus break the characteristic cycle of senescence within senescent cells. 
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Role of EREG/EGFR Pathway in Tumor Progression
Aberrant activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) by erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ERBB) ligands contributes to various tumor malignancies, including lung cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC). Epiregulin (EREG) is one of the EGFR ligands and is low expressed in most normal tissues. Elevated EREG in various cancers mainly activates EGFR signaling pathways and promotes cancer progression.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Valorization of Grape by-products
The emergence of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria has limited the ability to treat bacterial infections, besides increasing their morbidity and mortality at the global scale. The need for alternative solutions to deal with this problem is urgent and has brought about a renewed interest in natural products as sources of potential antimicrobials. The wine industry is responsible for the production of vast amounts of waste and by-products, with associated environmental problems. These residues are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds. Some phenolics are bacteriostatic/bactericidal against several pathogenic bacteria and may have a synergistic action towards antibiotics, mitigating or reverting bacterial resistance to these drugs. Complex phenolic mixtures, such as those present in winemaking residues (pomace, skins, stalks, leaves, and especially seeds), are even more effective as antimicrobials and could be used in combined therapy, thereby contributing to management of the antibiotic resistance crisis. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Genetics of Hereditary Angioedema
Hereditary angioedema is a rare inherited disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of the accumulation of fluids outside of the blood vessels, causing rapid swelling of tissues in the hands, feet, limbs, face, intestinal tract, or airway.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins
The accumulation of oxidative damage to DNA and other biomolecules done by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the etiology of aging and age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is especially sensitive to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the accumulation of mtDNA damage impairs normal cellular function and leads to a bioenergetic crisis that accelerates aging and associated diseases.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibody-Based Immune-Cell Engagers in Cancer Immunotherapy
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. One of the most promising targeted therapies for cancer treatment is antibody therapy. It has a superior targeting ability for antigens that are expressed on cancer cells, which results in prominent antitumor activity and lower toxicity, compared with that of chemotherapeutic agents. Recent progress in recombinant DNA technology and antibody engineering has ushered in a new era of bispecific antibody (bsAb)-based immune-cell engagers (ICEs), including T- and natural-killer-cell engagers.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacological Potential of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn on Cancer
Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (SSD, Leguminosae) is a perennial woody vine, indigenous to tropical and subtropical forests in China and other Southeast Asian countries. The vine stem of SSD is called “Jixueteng” (literally means ‘chicken blood vines’) in Chinese, due to the blood-like outflow from its vine stem when it is injured. SSD has been extensively employed in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat several ailments. SSD and its active compounds are effective therapeutic agents for treating a variety of diseases with negligible side effects. SSD has been frequently attributed to having antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, hematopoietic, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. 
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Functions of CD34
CD34 is primarily known as a biomarker for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic stem precursor cells, but it has also been identified as a marker for several non-hematopoietic cells.  All three proteins in the CD34 family share similar structural characteristics, including the presence of serine, threonine, and proline residues in their extracellular domains. These domains are heavily glycosylated and sialylated, which gives the proteins an effective size range of 90–170 kDa and defines the CD34 family as a subfamily of sialomucins.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Renoprotective Effects of Mangiferin
Both acute and chronic kidney diseases substantially contribute to the morbidities and mortality of patients worldwide. The existing therapeutics, which are mostly developed from synthetic sources, present some unexpected effects in patients, provoking researchers to explore potential novel alternatives. Natural products that have protective effects against various renal pathologies could be potential drug candidates for kidney diseases. Mangiferin is a natural polyphenol predominantly isolated from Mangifera indica and possesses multiple health benefits against various human ailments, including kidney disease. 
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
G Protein-Coupled Receptors
GPCRs arguably represent the most effective current therapeutic targets for a plethora of diseases. GPCRs also possess a pivotal role in the regulation of the physiological balance between healthy and pathological conditions; thus, their importance in systems biology cannot be underestimated. The molecular diversity of GPCR signaling systems is likely to be closely associated with disease-associated changes in organismal tissue complexity and compartmentalization, thus enabling a nuanced GPCR-based capacity to interdict multiple disease pathomechanisms at a systemic level. GPCRs have been long considered as controllers of communication between tissues and cells. This communication involves the ligand-mediated control of cell surface receptors that then direct their stimuli to impact cell physiology.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral glucose-lowering agents. Apart from their glucose-lowering effects, large clinical trials assessing certain SGLT2 inhibitors have revealed cardiac and renal protective effects in non-diabetic patients. These excellent outcomes motivated scientists and clinical professionals to revisit their underlying mechanisms. In addition to the heart and kidney, redox homeostasis is crucial in several human diseases, including liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers, with accumulating preclinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Medical Case-Based Multiple-Choice Questions
Moving from old-style multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to ones that are more related to real clinical situations is really important. It helps in growing critical thinking and practical use, especially since MCQs are still the primary method for testing knowledge in medicine.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Jan 2024
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