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Medicinal plants may act as an alternative resource or adjunctive treatment option in the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Parkia speciosa (Fabaceae) is a plant found abundantly in the Southeast Asian region. Extracts of P. speciosa, particularly from its seeds and empty pods, show the presence of polyphenols. They also exhibit potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties. Its hypoglycemic properties are reported to be associated with the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmat-4-en-3-one.
Plant Part | Method of Preparation | Traditional Uses | Region/Country | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seeds | Eaten raw or cooked oral decoction | Diabetes | Malaysia | [4][11] |
Eaten raw | Diabetes | Singapore | [4][14] | |
– | Loss of appetite | Indonesia | [15] | |
Cooked | Kidney disorder | West Malaysia | [16] | |
Leaves | Pounded with rice and applied on the neck | Cough | Malaysia | [17] |
Decoction | Dermatitis | Indonesia | [4][12] | |
– | Dermatitis | Indonesia | [15] | |
Root | Decoction | Skin conditions | Southern Thailand | [13] |
Decoction is taken orally | Hypertension and diabetes | Malaysia | [11][17] | |
Oral decoction | Toothache | Malaysia | [18] |
Polyphenols | Plant Part | Extract | Country | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin, rutin, kaempherol, catechin, luteolin, myricetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid | Seed | Ethanol | Malaysia | [22] |
Gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, kaempferol, ellagic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic aid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin | Pod | Aqueous, ethanol | Malaysia | [23] |
Lupeol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmasterol methyl ester, stigmasta-5,24(28)-diene-3-ol, campesterol, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid chloride, linoleic acid, squalene, lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, myristic acid, lanthionine, ethyl linoleate, ethyl stearate, 3-ethyl-4-nonanol, eicosanoic acid, elaidic acid, 2-nonade-canone, 2-pyrrolidi-none, 2-decanal, cyclo-decanone-2,4-decadienal, Hexaminde, vitamin E | Seed | Supercritical carbon dioxide | Malaysia | [24] |
Apigenin, nobiletin, tangeritin, rutin, didymin, punicalin, coutaric acid, caftaric acid, malvidin, primulin | Pod | Methanol | Malaysia | [25] |
β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmasterol methyl ester, campesterol, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, linoleic acid chloride, linoleic acid, squalene, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, undecanoic acid, stearolic acid, linoleaidic acid methyl ester | Seed | – | Malaysia | [26] |
1,3-dithiabutane, 2,4-dithiapenthane, 2,3,5-trithiahexane, 2,4,6-trithiaheptane, pentanal | Seed | Aqueous | Indonesia | [27] |
1,2,4-trithiolane, 1,3,5-trithaine, 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane, dimethyl tetrasulfid, 1,2,5,6-tetrahio-cane, 1,2,3,5-tetrathiane, 1,2,4,5-tetrathiane, 1,2,4,6-tetrathie-pane, lethionine | Seed | Hexane | Singapore | [28] |