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Topic Review
Vision Systems for Fruit and Vegetable Classification
Citrus fruits are the second most important crop worldwide. One of the most important tasks is sorting, which involves manually separating the fruit based on its degree of maturity, and in many cases, involves a task carried out manually by human operators. A machine vision-based citrus sorting system can replace labor work for the inspection of fruit sorting.
  • 375
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Comparative Study of Keccak SHA-3 Implementations
SHA-3, a pivotal component in modern cryptography, has spawned numerous implementations across diverse platforms and technologies. This text aims to provide valuable insights into selecting and optimizing Keccak SHA-3 implementations. It encompasses an in-depth analysis of hardware, software, and software–hardware (hybrid) solutions. Researchers assess the strengths, weaknesses, and performance metrics of each approach. Critical factors, including computational efficiency, scalability, and flexibility, are evaluated across different use cases. Researchers investigate how each implementation performs in terms of speed and resource utilization. This text aims to improve the knowledge of cryptographic systems, aiding in the informed design and deployment of efficient cryptographic solutions. By providing a comprehensive overview of SHA-3 implementations, it offers a clear understanding of the available options and equips professionals and researchers with the necessary insights to make informed decisions in their cryptographic endeavors.
  • 372
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Volumetric Haptic Displays
Volumetric interfaces and displays have been an area of substantial focus in human–computer interaction (HCI), bringing about new ways to enhance interactivity, learning, and understanding as an extension to existing modalities. While much research in the area exists, current haptic display projects tend to be difficult to implement as part of existing visual display technologies. 
  • 352
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cyber-Physical Systems with Process-Oriented Paradigm
Process Oriented Programming (POP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "processes" that determine the response (outputs) of a reactive system based on events (states of internal and external variables, timeouts). A process-oriented program is a set of interacting processes that can change their behavior (reaction to events), start and stop other processes, and be executed in parallel. The languages created within the framework of POP (e.g. Reflex, IndustrialC, poST) fit very well for specification various control algorithms, which can consist of hundreds and thousands of processes. In addition to the fact that process-oriented programs structurally and conceptually correspond to the technological description of the plant under control, they also have the following remarkable property. In process-oriented algorithms, the use of data is usually local, limited to one or more processes.
  • 336
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
BSafe-360
The popularity of bicycles as a mode of transportation has been steadily increasing. However, concerns about cyclist safety persist due to a need for comprehensive data. This data scarcity hinders accurate assessment of bicycle safety and identification of factors that contribute to the occurrence and severity of bicycle collisions in urban environments. The BSafe-360, a novel multi-sensor device designed as a data acquisition system (DAS) for collecting naturalistic cycling data, which provides a high granularity of cyclist behavior and interactions with other road users.
  • 314
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Vehicular Trust Management Systems and Blockchain Technology
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) represents a novel generation of information and communication technology that seamlessly integrates the intra-vehicle network, inter-vehicle network, and in-vehicle mobile Internet, thus achieving a comprehensive level of connectivity and integration among vehicles, road infrastructure, individuals, and digital platforms.
  • 298
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Applications of LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN is a communication protocol designed especially for Internet of Things (IoT) applications that offers benefits such as long-distance connection and low power consumption. Due to the characteristics of LoRaWAN, this technology has gained great popularity in various IoT applications, such as environmental monitoring, smart agriculture, and applications in the areas of health and mobility, among others. 
  • 289
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Performance Measures with IPV6
This document presents some tests carried out to measure performance in IPv6 networks. At the same time, it describes the use of a Tunnel Broker Client for IPv6, used to perform latency measurements, through the ping command, and route determination, through the tracerout command, for 5 Internet sites that are available both via IPv6 as well as IPv4. Additionally, includes the measurements obtained and a comparison of the results between IPv4 and IPv6, presenting explanations for the data obtained.
  • 281
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Dynamic Branch Prediction in an Intel High-Performance Processor
Power and energy efficiency are among the most crucial requirements in high-performance and other computing platforms. Extensive experimental methods and procedures were used to assess the power and energy efficiency of fundamental hardware building blocks inside a typical high-performance CPU, focusing on the dynamic branch predictor (DBP).
  • 279
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Integrate Technologies for the Teaching and Learning Model
Online, distance, and hybrid study modalities, due to the isolation caused by the pandemic, had an incredible surge. It has been a challenge for higher education institutions to adapt to these changes due to the new educational needs and the digital culture of the new generation of students.
  • 274
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Data Placement Using a Classifier for Hybrid SSDs
Modern Solid-State Drives (SSDs) are increasingly adopting Quad-Level Cell (QLC) flash memory, a technology that allows for the storage of four bits of data in a single cell, as their primary storage medium to significantly enhance storage capacity.
  • 269
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Obstacle Detection and Mapping in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) networks, specifically Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), are central to enhancing road safety by improving vehicle visibility, particularly when traditional onboard sensors fall short. The crucial role that VANETs play in modern transportation systems is increasingly being recognized, with the ability to facilitate real-time communication between vehicles, improving situational awareness, and thereby enhancing road safety. However, the accuracy, integrity and security of these data are of paramount importance, as any inaccuracies or compromises could lead to incorrect hazard perception and possibly catastrophic consequences. Hence, substantial effort is required to maintain these data characteristics while enabling efficient and rapid data exchange.
  • 264
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Single-Board Computer, Edge Computing and Virtualization Technology
The widespread adoption of cloud computing has resulted in centralized datacenter structures; however, there is a requirement for smaller-scale distributed infrastructures to meet the demands for speed, responsiveness, and security for critical applications. Single-Board Computers (SBCs) present numerous advantages such as low power consumption, low cost, minimal heat emission, and high processing power, making them suitable for applications such as the Internet of Things (IoT), experimentation, and other advanced projects.
  • 251
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Quantum Computer Hardware
Quantum computers are not only faster than conventional classical computers, but they also have a different framework for solving problems due to the laws of quantum mechanics such as superposition and entanglement.
  • 229
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
RFID Technology and Main Components
RFID Technology is an automatic identification technology, which works through radio signals, retrieving and storing data remotely. It is used in hundreds, or perhaps even thousands, of applications with the aim of collecting data about objects in order to identify ways to solve everyday problems.
  • 227
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Far and Near Field Communication
In an RFID system, for communication to exist between a reader and a tag, energy and information must be transferred between them. There are two ways to transfer energy and information in passive tags. The first mode is Near Field, which involves coupling the tag inductively to an approximately circular magnetic field around the reader. And the second mode is Far Field, which uses a reflection technique called backscatter.
  • 223
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Concept of a Dual-Core PLC
IEC 61131-3-compliant engineering environments consist of IDE (integrated development environment) with language editors, compiler of source programs into binary code, and runtime for execution of the code. In a dual-core PLC proposed here, the cores run different projects cooperating by shared memory.
  • 222
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Design and Development of the Gas Detection Platform
A gas detection platform was constructed using commercial sensors and embedded boards, and experimental data were collected in a hood environment such as used in chemical experiments. Electronic devices and data analysis procedures must be specifically tailored to develop an electronic olfactory system. 
  • 220
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dynamic Distributed Intelligence Architecture for Human Activity Recognition
A wide range of applications, including sports and healthcare, use human activity recognition (HAR). The Internet of Things (IoT), using cloud systems, offers enormous resources but produces high delays and huge amounts of traffic. Researchers propose a distributed intelligence and dynamic HAR architecture using smart IoT devices, edge devices, and cloud computing. These systems were used to train models, store results, and process real-time predictions. Wearable sensors and smartphones were deployed on the human body to detect activities from three positions; accelerometer and gyroscope parameters were utilized to recognize activities. A dynamic selection of models was used, depending on the availability of the data and the mobility of the users.
  • 194
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Eye-Tracking Applications in Architecture and Design
Eye-tracking is a biometrics technique that has started to find applications in research related to our interaction with the built environment. Depending on the focus of a given study, the collection of valence and arousal measurements can also be conducted to acquire emotional, cognitive, and behavioral insights and correlate them with eye-tracking data. These measurements can give architects and designers a basis for data-driven decision-making throughout the design process. In instances involving existing structures, biometric data can also be utilized for post-occupancy analysis. This entry will discuss eye-tracking and eye-tracking simulation in the context of our current understanding of the importance of our interaction with the built environment for both physical and mental well-being.
  • 86
  • 25 Sep 2024
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