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Topic Review
The Immune Mechanisms of Severe Equine Asthma
Severe equine asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of adult horses, occurring when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to environmental respirable particles. This results in airway inflammation, mucus accumulation and bronchial constriction. Affected horses present with cough, nasal discharge and increased respiratory effort at rest. Although a complex diversity of genetic and immunological pathways contribute to the disease, these remain to be fully understood. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Food Animal Production's Antibiotic Usage
Antibiotics usage was more commonly reported in commercial chicken and aquaculture than other animal production systems (livestock and backyard poultry). Farmers used antibiotics for both therapeutic and preventive purposes. Many studies detected several antibiotics resistance harmful bacteria in food-producing animals and animal origin foods.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tick-Borne Diseases in Cattle
Ticks are obligate blood feeding arthropods. They carry bacteria, helminths, protozoa, and viruses that are pathogenic to their vertebrate hosts, including humans, domestic and wild animals. Ticks transfer pathogens from their gut to the host bloodstream by their saliva. Different categories of tick-borne pathogens cause diseases in either human or domestic animals or both. Ticks and tick-borne diseases such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever pose a significant threat to animal and human health. Tick-borne diseases cause billions of dollars of losses to livestock farmers annually. These losses are partially attributed to the lack of sensitive, robust, cost effective and efficient diagnostic approaches that could detect the infectious pathogen at the early stages of illness. The modern nucleic acid-based multiplex diagnostic approaches have been developed in human medicine but are still absent in veterinary medicine. These powerful assays can screen 384 patient samples at one time, simultaneously detect numerous infectious pathogens in each test sample and provide the diagnostic answer in a few hours. Development, commercialization, and wide use of such high throughput multiplex molecular assays in the cattle tick-borne disease surveillance will help in early detection and control of infectious pathogens in the animal reservoir before community spread and spillover to humans. Such approaches in veterinary medicine will save animal life, prevent billions of dollars of economic loss to cattle herders and reduce unwanted stress to both human and animal health care systems. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Capripoxvirus Infections in Ruminants
Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, and goatpox are notifiable diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively, caused by viruses of the Capripoxvirus genus. They are responsible for both direct and indirect financial losses. These losses arise through animal mortality, morbidity cost of vaccinations, and constraints to animals and animal products’ trade. Control and eradication of capripoxviruses depend on early detection of outbreaks, vector control, strict animal movement, and vaccination which remains the most effective means of control. To date, live attenuated vaccines are widely used; however, conferred protection remains controversial. Many vaccines have been associated with adverse reactions and incomplete protection in sheep, goats, and cattle. Many combination- and recombinant-based vaccines have also been developed. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Medical Uses of FFC Based on Targeted Species
Florfenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that is primarily used in veterinary medicine to treat a range of diseases in farm and aquatic animals. This synthetic analog of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol works by inhibiting ribosomal activity, thereby disrupting bacterial protein synthesis, and has been proven in its effectiveness against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial groups. Additionally, florfenicol has been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties and reduce immune cell proliferation and cytokine production.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Veterinary and Pharmacological Uses of Human Zootherapeutic Products
Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) is a scientific discipline that focuses on people’s knowledge of animal diseases and their control, practices, and remedies for the treatment and prevention of animal diseases. However, Spanish EVM is not only based on the use of herbal remedies. As in other parts of the world, different animal body parts, secretions, and derivative products have traditionally been used for veterinary purposes. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Practical Use of the (Observer)—Reporter—Interpreter—Manager—Expert ((O)RIME) Framework in Veterinary Clinical Teaching with a Clinical Example
This review explores the practical use of the (Observer)—Reporter—Interpreter—Manager—Expert ((O)RIME) model in the assessment of clinical reasoning skills and for the potential to provide effective feedback that can be used in clinical teaching of veterinary learners. For descriptive purposes, we will use the examples of bovine left displaced abomasum and apparently anestric cow. Bearing in mind that the primary purpose of effective clinical teaching is to prepare graduates for a successful career in clinical practice, all effort should be made to have veterinary learners, at graduation, achieve a minimum of Manager level competency in clinical encounters. Contrastingly, there is relatively scant literature concerning clinical teaching in veterinary medicine. There is even less literature available on strategies and frameworks for assessment that can be utilized in the different settings that the veterinary learners are exposed to during their education.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Surface Proteins of Parasite Eimeria Species Infecting Chickens
Poultry is the first source of animal protein for human consumption. Chicken coccidiosis is a highly widespread enteric disease caused by Eimeria spp. which causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide; however, the impact on family poultry holders or backyard production—which plays a key role in food security and involves mainly rural women—has been little explored. Coccidiosis disease is controlled by good husbandry measures, chemoprophylaxis, and/or live vaccination. Current limitations on the use of live vaccines have led to research in next-generation vaccines based on recombinant or live-vectored vaccines. Next-generation vaccines are required to control this complex parasitic disease, and for this purpose, protective antigens need to be identified.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hematology and Biochemistry in Northern Portugal Erinaceus europaeus
The Western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is an insectivorous animal with an extensive geographic distribution. Owing mostly to climate changes and anthropogenic pressures, hedgehogs live now in urban areas close to humans where it is exposed to contaminants and biological agents that may result in disease with the correspondent hematological and biochemical alterations. These animals can work as bioindicators to environmental pollution and host multiple zoonotic agents making them relevant for a One Health approach. Reference intervals for the usual hematological and biochemical parameters are very important since they are important medical decision criteria used to determine the animal’s health status or to identify disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Neglected Tropical Disease—Balantidiasis
Balantidiasis, caused by Balantidium coli, is a zoonotic parasitic disease characterized by high infection and incidence rates; however, it is only scantly investigated and therefore considered a neglected tropical zoonosis (NTZ). 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Inguinal Hernia in Nonhuman Primates
A herniation is a condition in which there is a protrusion of an organ, fascia, fat, or omentum through the wall of the cavity in which it is contained. A hernia may be classified into different categories based on the cause, location, size, recurrence, reducibility, contents, and symptoms. Inguinal hernia is described as a bulge of the peritoneum through a defect (congenital or acquired) in the muscular and fascial structures of the abdominal wall; a defect in the myofascial plane of the oblique and transversalis muscles and fascia. Inguinal hernias are classified into (1) indirect hernia, (2) direct hernia, (3) scrotal or giant hernia, (4) femoral hernia, and (5) others, i.e., rare hernias such as Spigelian hernias. Inguinal hernias are relatively common in both humans and domestic animal species, and surgery to repair an inguinal hernia is a nonurgent, routine procedure. However, every hernia carries a hazard of incarceration and strangulation, warranting immediate surgical treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Anaplasma spp. in German Small Ruminant Flocks
Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma ovis, tick-borne pathogens with zoonotic potential, have been detected in small ruminants in Europe and North America in the past. However, knowledge about the distribution of these pathogens in the German small ruminant population is scarce. These intracellular bacteria cause tick borne fever and ovine anaplasmosis, respectively.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Phytotherapy in Lactococcosis in Aquaculture
Lactococcosis, particularly that caused by Lactococcus garvieae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the sustainability of aquaculture industry. Medicinal herbs and plants do not have very much in vitro antagonism and in vivo disease resistance towards lactococcosis agents in aquaculture. Most in vitro studies with herbal extractives were performed against L. garvieae with no strong antibacterial activity, but essential oils, especially those that contain thymol or carvacrol, are more effective. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococci
Staphylococci are present in the microbiota of both humans and animal species, being recognized as the most important opportunistic pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health issue presenting a significant risk because it severely limits treatment options. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci (MRS) poses a specific problem as it may cause serious human and animal infections, eventually resulting in death. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gurltia paralysans
Gurltia paralysans is a neglected and re-emerging metastrongyloid angio-neurotropic nematode causing severe chronic meningomyelitis in domestic cats (Felis catus) as well as in free-ranging small wild felids such as kodkods (Leopardus guigna), margays (Leopardus wiedii) and the northern tiger cat (Leopardus triginus) in South America. Within these definitive hosts (DH), adult males and females of G. paralysans parasitize the leptomeningeal veins of the subarachnoid space and/or the meningeal veins of spinal cord parenchyma, inducing vascular alterations.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Animal Health Components in a Biosurveillance System
Biosurveillance defines the process of gathering, integrating, interpreting, and communicating essential information related to all-hazards threats or disease activity affecting human, animal, or plant health to achieve early detection and warning, contribute to overall situational awareness of the health aspects of an incident, and to enable better decision making for action at all levels. Animal health surveillance is an important component within biosurveillance systems comprising a continuum of activities from detecting biological threats, to analyzing relevant data, to managing identified threats, and embracing a One Health concept. The animal health community can strengthen biosurveillance by adopting various developments such as increasing the alignment, engagement, and participation of stakeholders in surveillance systems, exploring new data streams, improving integration and analysis of data streams for decision-making, enhancing research and application of social sciences and behavioral methods in animal health surveillance, and performing timely evaluation of surveillance systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Animal Models in Neuroscience: What is the “Culture of Care”?
In situations where animal models (AMs) are necessary, as in the field of neuroscience, a strong culture of care must be supported and established. The pivotal question remains: how can we uphold a robust “culture of care”? In the multifaceted domain of neuroscience research, AMs traverse a spectrum shaped by conflicting viewpoints, anthropocentrism and pathocentrism, where established scientific norms intersect with ethical deliberations. Anthropocentrism, representative of conventional scientific approaches, may prioritize scientific goals potentially to the detriment of animal welfare. Conversely, pathocentrism places significant importance on the ethical treatment and well-being of AMs. This divergence of approach prompts the imperative development of a robust culture of care framework within research institutions, advocating for animal welfare, ethical responsibility, and adherence to regulatory standards. In this review, we refer to a European view of animal care, discussing internationally valid concepts that find rebuttal in the current European legislation. This review meticulously analyzes the many facets of the culture of care, particularly for neuroscience studies involving AMs, illustrating the principles, practices, and collaborations critical to overcoming ethical expectations. This commitment increases credibility and builds trust in the public and research spheres, underscoring the critical importance of a culture of care in the ethics of neuroscience research.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Acute Abdomen
Acute abdomen (AA) is the term used to define a pathological condition that affects the abdominal cavity and frequently manifests itself with acute clinical symptoms capable of compromising a cow’s life. Therefore, it should be considered as an emergency that should be evaluated as quickly as possible to adopt the appropriate therapeutic measure (medical or surgical).
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Types of Stents Used in Veterinary Medicine
Stents are tubular ducts made of non-invasive materials designed to maintain the continuous flow of air through the airway lumen, or various types of fluid in the case of the urinary and circulatory systems. Stenting in veterinary medicine has been a rapidly growing method of interventional surgery. This procedure is usually performed in the respiratory and urinary tracts, but there are cases of stenting of blood vessels or gastrointestinal structures. It is based on maintaining the permeability of a given tubular structure, thus allowing the passage of gas or liquid. This procedure is often performed as a first-line treatment in situations where pharmacological agents do not work and as an alternative method, often cheaper than the classically performed ones. There are also cases where stenting is used as a palliative treatment, e.g., to enable defecation in colonic obstruction due to tumour infiltration of the colon wall. Stenting is often a life-saving or comfort-improving procedure for animals, but one should also be aware of possible postoperative complications and be prepared for any adversity. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Feb 2023
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