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Topic Review
Phenotypical and Functional Polymorphism of Liver Resident Macrophages
Liver diseases are one of the main causes of mortality. In this regard, the development of new ways of reparative processes stimulation is relevant. Macrophages play a leading role in the regulation of liver homeostasis in physiological conditions and in pathology. In this regard, the development of new liver treatment methods is impossible without taking into account this cell population. Resident macrophages of the liver, Kupffer cells, represent a unique cell population, first of all, due to their development. Most of the liver macrophages belong to the self-sustaining macrophage cell population, whose origin is not bone marrow. In addition, Kupffer cells are involved in such processes as regulation of hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis, remodeling of the intercellular matrix, lipid metabolism, protective function, etc. Such a broad spectrum of liver macrophage functions indicates their high functional plasticity. The Recent data on the development, phenotypic and functional plasticity, and participation in the reparative processes of liver macrophages: resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and bone marrow-derived macrophages were summarized.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MEIS1 in Hematopoiesis and Cancer
MEIS1 is highly expressed in the bone marrow, and its predominant and better-known role is in embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. Along withPBX1 and HOXA9, MEIS1 is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but downregulated during their differentiation.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Uncoupling Aging from Chronological Time
Cellular life evolved from simple unicellular organisms that could replicate indefinitely, being essentially ageless. At this point, life split into two fundamentally different cell types: the immortal germline representing an unbroken lineage of cell division with no intrinsic endpoint and the mortal soma, which ages and dies. We consider aging as a process not fixed to the pace of chronological time but one that can speed up or slow down depending on the rate of intrinsic cellular clocks. Moreover germline factor reprogramming might be used to slow the rate of aging and potentially reverse it by causing the clocks to tick backward. Therefore, reprogramming may eventually lead to therapeutic strategies to treat degenerative diseases by altering aging itself, the one condition common to us all.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Human Cell and Organoid Models
Metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most prevalent liver diseases and has no approved therapeutics. The high failure rates witnessed in late-phase MAFLD drug trials reflect the complexity of the disease, and how the disease develops and progresses remains to be fully understood. In vitro, human disease models play a pivotal role in mechanistic studies to unravel novel disease drivers and in drug testing studies to evaluate human-specific responses.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Double Homeobox Gene
The double homeobox (Dux) gene, encoding a double homeobox transcription factor, is one of the key drivers of totipotency in mice. Recent studies showed Dux was temporally expressed at the 2-cell stage and acted as a transcriptional activator during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) in embryos. A similar activation occurs in mouse embryonic stem cells, giving rise to 2-cell-like cells (2CLCs). Though the molecular mechanism underlying this expanded 2CLC potency caused by Dux activation has been partially revealed, the regulation mechanisms controlling Dux expression remain elusive.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Source-To-Sink Transport of Sugar During Male Reproductive Development
Sucrose is produced in leaf mesophyll cells via photosynthesis and exported to non-photosynthetic sink tissues through the phloem. The molecular basis of source-to-sink long-distance transport in cereal crop plants is of importance due to its direct influence on grain yield—pollen grains, essential for male fertility, are filled with sugary starch, and rely on long-distance sugar transport from source leaves. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Neural Regulations in Tooth Development
The tooth–periodontium complex and its nerves have active reciprocal regulation during development and homeostasis. These effects are predominantly mediated by a range of molecules secreted from either the nervous system or the tooth–periodontium complex. Different strategies mimicking tooth development or physiological reparation have been applied to tooth regeneration studies, where the application of these nerve- or tooth-derived molecules has been proven effective.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Treatment for Preterm Brain Injury
With a worldwide incidence of 15 million cases, preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity, and concomitant social and economic burden Preterm infants are predisposed to life-long neurological disorders due to the immaturity of the brain. The risks are inversely proportional to maturity at birth. In the majority of extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks’ gestation), perinatal brain injury is associated with exposure to multiple inflammatory perinatal triggers that include antenatal infection (i.e., chorioamnionitis), hypoxia-ischemia, and various postnatal injurious triggers (i.e., oxidative stress, sepsis, mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic instability).
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mutations in GHR and IGF1R Genes
The birth size of a newborn child is influenced by a number of factors. The main ones are genetic factors of the fetus and the intrauterine environment. These factors interact with each other, and the effect of this interaction is seen as the birth weight, length, body composition, and organ size. From conception to delivery, the fetus is under the influence of the mother’s organism, which is the environment for the developing organism. The capacity of the uterus corresponds to the mother’s height and it is one of the main determinants of the fetus’s size. In addition, the birth size of the fetus can be influenced by the nutritional status of the mother, which provides nutrients to developing organisms.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Cleft Palate in Apert Syndrome
Apert syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, midface retrusion, and limb anomalies. Cleft palate occurs in a subset of Apert syndrome patients. In Apert syndrome patients, cleft of the soft palate is more frequent than of the hard palate. The length of the hard palate is decreased. Cleft palate is associated most commonly with the S252W variant of FGFR2. In addition to cleft palate, high-arched palate, lateral palatal swelling, or bifid uvula are common in Apert syndrome patients. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Zebrafish Nephron Segment Development
Nephrons are the functional units which comprise the kidney. Each nephron contains a number of physiologically unique populations of specialized epithelial cells that are organized into discrete domains known as segments.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection for Avian Genome Editing
Poultry are one of the most valuable resources for human society. They are also recognized as a powerful experimental animal for basic research on embryogenesis. Demands for the supply of low-allergen eggs and bioreactors have increased with the development of programmable genome editing technology. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been used to produce transgenic animals and various animals in the agricultural industry and has also been successfully adopted for the modification of chicken and quail genomes.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates
COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable, with the number of cases and mortality still rising, and currently no medicines are routinely available for reducing morbidity and mortality, apart from dexamethasone, although others are being trialed and launched. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Drosophila melanogaster in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
Due to the availability of a vast array of genetic manipulation tools, its relatively short lifespan, and its ability to produce many progenies, D. melanogaster has provided the ability to conduct large-scale genetic screens to elucidate possible genetic and molecular interactions in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). With regards to ALS, many of the gene mutations that have been discovered to be linked to the disease have been modeled in Drosophila to provide a look into a detailed model of pathogenesis. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Enhancers in Development and Diseases
Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements containing short DNA sequences that serve as binding sites for pioneer/regulatory transcription factors, thus orchestrating the regulation of genes critical for lineage determination. The activity of enhancer elements is believed to be determined by transcription factor binding, thus determining the cell state identity during development. Precise spatio-temporal control of the transcriptome during lineage specification requires the coordinated binding of lineage-specific transcription factors to enhancers. Thus, enhancers are the primary determinants of cell identity. Numerous studies have explored the role and mechanism of enhancers during development and disease, and various basic questions related to the functions and mechanisms of enhancers have not yet been fully answered.
  • 999
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
AQP4 and Astrogenesis
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a cerebral glial marker that labels ependymal cells and astrocytes’ endfeet and is the main water channel responsible for the parenchymal fluid balance. Even though specific markers do not exist for the different stages of astrogenesis, it has been suggested that astrogenesis progresses trough at least four cellular stages: a radial glial cell (RGC), an intermediate progenitor cell, a maturing postnatal astrocyte, and an adult astrocyte.
  • 993
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis
Muscle function reflects muscular mitochondrial status, which, in turn, is an adaptive response to physical activity, representing improvements in energy production for de novo biosynthesis or metabolic efficiency. Differences in muscle performance are manifestations of the expression of distinct contractile-protein isoforms and of mitochondrial-energy substrate utilization. Powerful contractures require immediate energy production from carbohydrates outside the mitochondria that exhaust rapidly. Sustained muscle contractions require aerobic energy production from fatty acids by the mitochondria that is slower and produces less force. 
  • 993
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hemangioblast and Hemogenic Endothelium
While hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) firmly reside at the top of the adult hematopoietic hierarchy, multiple HSC-independent progenitor populations play variegated and fundamental roles during fetal life, which reflect on adult physiology and can lead to disease if subject to perturbations. The importance of obtaining a high-resolution picture of the mechanisms by which the developing embryo establishes a functional hematopoietic system is demonstrated by many recent indications showing that ontogeny is a primary determinant of function of multiple critical cell types.
  • 992
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Multifaceted Functions of TWSG1
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in development. Twisted gastrulation BMP signaling modulator 1 (TWSG1) was initially identified as a regulator of the dorsoventral axis formation in Drosophila. The mechanism of BMP signaling modulation by TWSG1 is complex. TWSG1 inhibits BMP signaling by binding to BMP ligands including BMP4, whereas it enhances signaling by interacting with Chordin, a BMP antagonist. TWSG1 can act as both a BMP agonist and antagonist. TWSG1 has various functions ranging from embryogenesis to cancer progression. TWSG1 knockout mice showed neural, craniofacial, and mammary defects. TWSG1 also regulated erythropoiesis and thymocyte development.
  • 977
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Formation of Arteries and Veins by Nerve–Vessel Interaction
Vertebrates use a network of blood vessels and nerves to perform complex higher-order functions and maintain homeostasis. The 16th-century anatomical text "De humani corporis fabrica" describes blood vessel and nerve networks with a branching pattern that is closely aligned and parallel. This close interaction between adjacent blood vessels and nerves is necessary for organogenesis, tissue repair, homeostasis, and functional expression. Neurovascular disruptions also promote disease progression, including cancer. Thus, researchers highlight the advances in vascular biology research, particularly neurovascular interactions. 
  • 973
  • 01 Feb 2023
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