You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex multisystem condition with metabolic, endocrine, psychological, fertility and pregnancy-related implications at all stages of life. The majority of women with PCOS manifest multiple metabolic features including obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia and hyperandrogenism. PCOS results in an increased risk of developing metabolic disease (type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome), cardiovascular disease, cancer, a wide array of pregnancy complications (deep venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, growth restriction, miscarriage, stillbirth and preterm labor) and psychological problems (anxiety, depression).
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Dysfunction in Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a life-threatening pregnancy-associated cardiovascular disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria at 20 weeks of gestation. Potential abnormalities include impaired placentation, incomplete spiral artery remodeling, and endothelial damage, which are further propagated by immune factors, mitochondrial stress, and an imbalance of pro- and antiangiogenic substances. Newfound evidence indicates that vasopressin is an early mediator and biomarker of the disorder, and promising future therapeutic avenues include mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction, excess oxidative stress, and the resulting inflammatory state.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Transvaginal Ultrasound Accuracy in the Hydrosalpinx Diagnosis
Hydrosalpinx is a condition with a crucial prognostic role in reproduction, and its diagnosis by a non-invasive technique such as ultrasound is key in achieving an adequate reproductive assessment while avoiding unnecessary laparoscopies. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Ovarian Damage after Low-Dose Radiation
As chemotherapy—in contrast to radiation—is mainly applied to all cancer patients, a myriad of studies already exists, which indicate that commonly used agents cause premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) by inducing the death or accelerated loss of primordial follicles as well as damage to blood vessels, stromal cells, and immune components.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a non-organic reversible chronic endocrine disorder characterized by an impaired pulsatile secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This impaired secretion, triggered by psychosocial and metabolic stressors, leads to an abnormal pituitary production of gonadotropins. As LH and FSH release is defective, the ovarian function is steadily reduced, inducing a systemic hypoestrogenic condition characterized by amenorrhea, vaginal atrophy, mood changes and increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis of FHA is made excluding other possible causes for secondary amenorrhea, and it is based upon the findings of low serum gonadotropins and estradiol (E2) with evidence of precipitating factors (excessive exercise, low weight, stress). Treatments of women with FHA include weight gain through an appropriate diet and physical activity reduction, psychological support, and integrative approach up to estrogen replacement therapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
ADHOGD
Adolescent dietary habit-induced obstetric and gynecologic disease (ADHOGD) is dieting and breakfast skipping during adolescence and adulthood, impair development and maturation of the reproductive function (1), which induces latent progression of obstetrics and gynecologic disorders (2). Although recovery is achieved after correcting adverse eating habits (3), the reproductive function declines (4), and this leads to the latter onset of obstetrics and gynecologic diseases (5).
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid
Dietary components are essential for the structural and functional development of the brain. Among these, docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), is critically necessary for the structure and development of the growing fetal brain in utero.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Defective Uteroplacental Vascular Remodeling in Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a subtype of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), defined as hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg) newly developed at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy with at least one of following conditions: proteinuria (≥1 + dipstick; ≥30 mg/mmol protein:creatinine ratio; or ≥300 mg/24 h), maternal organ dysfunction (hepatic, renal, hematological, or neurological conditions), or uteroplacental dysfunction (such as abnormal umbilical artery Doppler wave form analysis, fetal growth restriction, or stillbirth)
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Trisomy 13 and 18 Evaluation
Autosomal aneuploidies are the most frequently occurring congenital abnormalities and are related to many metabolic disorders, hormonal dysfunctions, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities. Trisomies are generated by an error of chromosomal segregation during cell division. Accumulating evidence has shown that deregulated gene expression resulting from the triplication of chromosomes 13 and 18 is associated with many disturbed cellular processes. Moreover, a disturbed oxidative stress status may be implicated in the occurrence of fetal malformations.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Inositols Application
Myo-inositol (myo-Ins) and D-chiro-inositol (D-chiro-Ins) are natural compounds involved in many biological pathways. Since the discovery of their involvement in endocrine signal transduction, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins supplementation has contributed to clinical approaches in ameliorating many gynecological and endocrinological diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecologic tumor and is generally resistant to conventional treatments. Stable cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are important cellular components in the ovarian cancer tumor microenvironment and may provide novel resources for future treatment strategies. Different subtypes of CAFs display specific functions in tumor pathogenesis and various CAF markers suggest potential treatment targets. Several clinical or preclinical trials have targeted stromal fibroblasts and focused on the properties of CAFs to enhance ovarian cancer treatment efficacy. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Limitations of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing
Prenatal genetic screening tests are ”non-invasive” methods that include the maternal serum screening of markers related to aneuploidy with or without nuchal translucency ultrasonography, and cell-free DNA screening, known as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). These tests are performed by drawing maternal peripheral blood sampling; therefore, there is no risk of procedure-related pregnancy complications.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Impacts of COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused widespread morbidity and mortality since its emergence. The COVID-19 pandemic has become widespread and known as a pathology of the respiratory system, affecting the ciliary epithelium at an early stage. In severe cases, COVID-19 can lead to development of lung disease: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A variety of extrapulmonary symptoms may also occur, including acute renal failure (AKI); acute heart failure; coagulopathy; thromboembolic complications, including stroke and pulmonary embolism; and circulatory shock. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus remains a global public health concern due to the systemic nature of the infection and its long-term consequences, many of which remain to be elucidated. SARS-CoV-2 targets endothelial cells and blood vessels, altering the tissue microenvironment, its secretion, immune-cell subpopulations, the extracellular matrix, and the molecular composition and mechanical properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Micronutrients and DHA during Pregnancy
 First randomized trial of multiple micronutrients and DHA in pregnant women during second and third trimester. Supplementation complemented dietary intake and increased maternal DHA. Vitamin D levels increased with supplementation but decreased in controls.  Results are clinically relevant as DHA is vital for fetal neurodevelopment.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Honey
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a relapsing vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida species. In 57% of the cases, relapses occur within six months after fluconazole maintenance therapy, which is the current standard of care. The pathogenesis of RVVC is multifactorial, and recent studies have demonstrated that the vaginal microenvironment and activity of the immune system have a strong influence on the disease. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Reconstructive Surgery in Distal Tubal Disease
Tubal factor infertility is one of the most frequent causes of female infertility. Despite the rising usage of artificial reproductive technologies, surgery remains an important therapy option among this group of patients. However, the effectiveness of tubal reconstructive surgery against another treatment approaches has not been appropriately evaluated. There are no randomized controlled trials that compare surgery versus IVF or expectant management. Clinical practice is guided on the basis of observational studies. Researchers use different classifications and inclusion criteria. Surgical techniques are not uniform. As a result, published data differ substantially and interpreting of outcomes is consequently made more difficult. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Vaginal Infections
Vaginal infection is defined as vaginal microbiota dysbiosis where one or more microbes are dominant to the other microbes present in the vagina. The symptoms of vaginal infection include abnormal vaginal discharge, burning sensation, itching, irritation, and discomfort. Nevertheless, some women with vaginal infection present with fewer symptoms whereas some cases were found to be asymptomatic.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Pregnancy
Human pregnancy can be affected by numerous pathologies, from those which are mild and reversible to others which are life-threatening.  Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products. In pregnancy, ROS are generated mainly in the placenta, but xanthine oxidase (XO) are present in the vascular endothelium, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are also sources of ROS.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Development of Pre-Eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by a state of multiorgan hypertensive disorders, with or without proteinuria and possible multiorgan dysfunction.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Adolescent Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition that affects women throughout various stages of their lives by causing pain, infertility, and malignant progression.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 17
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback