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Topic Review
From Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Uninterrupted Power Supply System
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was invented in 2012 and is undergoing fast progress in tandem with the notion of switching to cleaner forms of energy, such as thermal, mechanical, biochemical, and solar, as well as any other forms of environmental energy. Based on the coupled effects of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, TENG represents a significant technological advance in converting various mechanical energies present in the ambient environment into electrical energy. Because of its benefits for environmental friendliness, low cost, sound efficiency, and a wide range of material alternatives, it has been extensively employed in several varieties of self-powered electronic gadgets, such as wireless sensors, implanted medical equipment, chemical sensors, electrochemical processes, household appliances, security detection systems, human-machine interfaces (HMIs), and artificial intelligence (AI).
  • 701
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Smart Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Stimulus-Response Materials
Smart responsive materials can respond to external stimuli through reversible mechanisms and can be directly combined with triboelectric nanogenerators (teng) to provide a variety of intelligent applications such as sensors, actuators, robotics, artificial muscles, and controlled drug delivery. Not only that, but the mechanical energy in the reversible response of innovative materials can be extracted and converted into an interpretable electrical signal.
  • 701
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Polymers in Biomedical Applications
Bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance remain significant contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite recent advances in biomedical research, a substantial number of medical devices and implants continue to be plagued by bacterial colonisation, resulting in severe consequences, including fatalities. The development of nanostructured surfaces with mechano-bactericidal properties has emerged as a promising solution to this problem. These surfaces employ a mechanical rupturing mechanism to lyse bacterial cells, effectively halting subsequent biofilm formation on various materials and, ultimately, thwarting bacterial infections.
  • 699
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Nanomaterials for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose
The high conductivity of graphene material (or its derivatives) and its very large surface area enhance the direct electron transfer, improving non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors sensitivity and its other characteristics. The offered large pores facilitate analyte transport enabling glucose detection even at very low concentration values. Herein classified the enzymeless graphene-based glucose electrocatalysts’ synthesis methods that have been followed into the last few years into four main categories: (i) direct growth of graphene (or oxides) on metallic substrates, (ii) in-situ growth of metallic nanoparticles into graphene (or oxides) matrix, (iii) laser-induced graphene electrodes and (iv) polymer functionalized graphene (or oxides) electrodes. The increment of the specific surface area and the high degree reduction of the electrode internal resistance were recognized as their common targets.
  • 696
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Safe(r)-By-Design CuO Nanoparticles
Safe(r)-by-design modifications of CuO nanoparticles target the release of Cu ions and/or the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Two strategies can be found in safe-by-design studies. One safe-by-design strategy regarding CuO nanoparticles is based on coating or capping (surface modification), often with organic substances. Another safe-by-design strategy for CuO nanoparticles is based on doping. 
  • 693
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Second Generation Antipsychotics
Orally administered antipsychotic drugs are the first-line treatment for psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The most-used antipsychotic drugs include “atypical” or “second-generation” antipsychotics, such as quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine, asenapine, lurasidone, zotepine, amisulpride or clozapine
  • 692
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) respond to the characteristics of their surrounding microenvironment, i.e., their extracellular matrix (ECM). The possibility of mimicking the ECM offers the opportunity to elicit specific cell behaviors. The control of surface properties of a biomaterial at the scale level of the components of the ECM has the potential to effectively modulate cell response. Ordered nanoscale silicon pillar arrays were fabricated using reverse micelles of block copolymers on full wafers, with standard deviations lower than 15%. Bioactive synthetic peptides were covalently grafted on nanoarrays to evaluate possible synergies between chemistry and topography on osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Functionalization with RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) and BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) mimetic peptides lead to an enhancement of osteogenic differentiation. Bare nanopillar arrays of reduced pitch were found to promote faster hMSC differentiation. These findings highlight the relevance of investigating possibilities of engineering in vitro systems which can be fine-tuned according to the envisaged cell response. 
  • 689
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Application of Nanomaterials to Control Cell Behavior
Selective cancer therapy comes from the background of treating cancer cells with nanomaterials and applying light to the NPs. The research on “photo-nano-therapy” has been dramatically increasing since 2010. Photothermal therapies (PTT) has two diverse levels: (1) active or passive tumor homing through engineered phototherapeutic agents such as NPs; (2) irradiating the diseased lesion without harming the normal cells by the controlled light application. 
  • 689
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic Bionanomaterials for Biosensor Applications
Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive natural resource because of its abundance, renewability, recyclability, and low cost. The ever-increasing developments in nanotechnology have opened up new vistas in sensor fabrication such as biosensor design for electronics, communication, automobile, optical products, packaging, textile, biomedical, and tissue engineering. Due to their outstanding properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, improved electrical and thermal conductivity, high physical and mechanical properties, high surface area and catalytic activity, lignocellulosic bionanomaterials including nanocellulose and nanolignin emerge as very promising raw materials to be used in the development of high-impact biosensors.
  • 689
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Modulation of Enzyme Reactions on DNA Scaffold
Cells have developed intelligent systems to implement the complex and efficient enzyme cascade reactions via the strategies of organelles, bacterial microcompartments and enzyme complexes. The scaffolds such as the membrane or protein in the cell are believed to assist the co-localization of enzymes and enhance the enzymatic reactions. Inspired by nature, enzymes have been located on a wide variety of carriers, among which DNA scaffolds attract great interest for their programmability and addressability. Integrating these properties with the versatile DNA–protein conjugation methods enables the spatial arrangement of enzymes on the DNA scaffold with precise control over the interenzyme distance and enzyme stoichiometry.
  • 687
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bi-Dimensional MIP Composites
Deposition of thin MIP layers over different substrates, i.e. metal chips, silicon-based supports, carbon-based materials or semiconductors
  • 685
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Chemical Reactions Unveiled in Molecular Junctions
Understanding chemical processes at the single-molecule scale represents the ultimate limit of analytical chemistry. Single-molecule detection techniques allow one to reveal the detailed dynamics and kinetics of a chemical reaction with unprecedented accuracy. It has also enabled the discoveries of new reaction pathways or intermediates/transition states that are inaccessible in conventional ensemble experiments, which is critical to elucidating their intrinsic mechanisms.
  • 685
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanofibers as Efficient Platforms in Biosensing Devices
Biosensors are analytical tools that can be used as simple, real-time, and effective devices in clinical diagnosis, food analysis, and environmental monitoring. Nanoscale functional materials possess unique properties such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, making them useful for biomedical diagnostic purposes. Nanoengineering has resulted in the increased use of nanoscale functional materials in biosensors. Various types of nanostructures i.e., 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D, have been intensively employed to enhance biosensor selectivity, limit of detection, sensitivity, and speed of response time to display results. In particular, carbon nanotubes and nanofibers have been extensively employed in electrochemical biosensors, which have become an interdisciplinary frontier between material science and viral disease detection. 
  • 685
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Organic Nanosized Materials for CRC
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as one of the most prevalent types of cancers at the moment, being the second cause of cancer-related deaths. The CRC chemotherapy backbone is represented by 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and their combinations, but their administration presents several serious disadvantages, such as poor bioavailability, lack of tumor specificity, and susceptibility to multidrug resistance. To address these limitations, nanomedicine has arisen as a powerful tool to improve current chemotherapy since nanosized carriers hold great promise in improving the stability and solubility of the drug payload and enhancing the active concentration of the drug that reaches the tumor tissue, increasing, therefore, the safety and efficacy of the treatment.
  • 684
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Gold-Nanoparticle Hybrid Nanostructures for Multimodal Cancer Therapy
With the urgent need for bio-nanomaterials to improve the currently available cancer treatments, gold nanoparticle (GNP) hybrid nanostructures are rapidly rising as promising multimodal candidates for cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been hybridized with several nanocarriers, including liposomes and polymers, to achieve chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and imaging using a single composite. The GNP nanohybrids used for targeted chemotherapy can be designed to respond to external stimuli such as heat or internal stimuli such as intratumoral pH. 
  • 684
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nanostructured VO2 Materials and Modulation of Their Properties
The morphology of VO2 depends on synthesis methods, which are primarily categorized solution- and gas-phase-based synthesis methods. For example, sol-gel process and hydrothermal synthesis are representative solution-based chemical approaches, while pulsed laser deposition (PLD), sputtering method, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are gas- or vapor-phase synthesis techniques. In previous reports, various techniques for the fabrication of nanostructured VO2 materials have been described in detail.
  • 684
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescent Nanosystems in Ocular Application
Fluorescence is a simple and non-invasive way to track the drug through the eye tissues, and it is also widely used in diagnostics to visualize diseased tissues, lesions and pathological markers. Nanomedicine offers the possibility to overcome obstacles related to physiological mechanisms and ocular barriers by exploiting different ocular routes. Functionalization of nanosystems by fluorescent probes could be a useful strategy to understand the pathway taken by nanocarriers into the ocular globe and to improve the desired targeting accuracy.
  • 682
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Materials for Frequency Down-Conversion Light-Emitting Diodes
Luminescent carbon dots (CDs) are a new form of nanocarbon quantum dot (QD) that have gained a huge amount of interest in recent years for their properties; in particular, their optical properties make them suitable for light-emitting diode (LED) manufacturing. One of the most frequently used methods for obtaining different emission spectra is color conversion, typically used for high CRI and white LEDs and displays, where the lowest emission wavelength source pumps other layers of materials, commonly called phosphors, that induce a conversion to the highest wavelengths.
  • 681
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
AuNP-Liposome Nanocomposites: Rationale of Preparation
AuNP are poor drug delivery candidates based on the lack of a reservoir or a matrix to load therapeutics. In fact, loading of therapeutics are limited to the surface of the AuNP, and thus the loading capacity is intrinsically less than other nanocarriers (lipidic or polymeric) on weight per weight bases. However, AuNP have excellent optical and thermal properties and has been proven as an excellent light absorber in the UV-vis region of the spectrum with excellent photothermal conversion efficiency to generate local heat that can be employed to fight nearby cancer cells or to induce drug delivery from the hosting matrix.
  • 680
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ferroptosis—A New Form of Cell Death
Ferroptosis is a new form of iron-dependent programmed cell death discovered, which is caused by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Studies have shown that cellular ferroptosis is closely related to tumor progression, and the induction of ferroptosis is a new means to inhibit tumor growth.
  • 676
  • 29 Jun 2023
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