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Topic Review
AI-Based Nano-Scale Material Property Prediction for Li-Ion Batteries
The status quo for techniques used in the discovery of new and novel materials to enhance battery technologies has progressed from expensive and time-consuming empirical trial and error methods to the more recent first principles approach of using quantum mechanics (QM), Monte Carlo simulations and molecular dynamics (MD). QM calculations evaluate electron–electron interactions bby solving the complex Schrödinger equation, thereby enabling accurate results for a wide variety of properties. The emergence of ML, deep learning (DL) and artificial intelligence (AI) has helped alleviate the bottlenecks posed by QM and MD simulations and has made it possible to expand the scope of the search for novel materials in the chemical compound space (CCS) .
  • 726
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Immobilized Nanomaterials for Energy Production
Nanomaterials (NMs) have been extensively used in several environmental applications; however, their widespread dissemination at full scale is hindered by difficulties keeping them active in engineered systems. Thus, several strategies to immobilize NMs for their environmental utilization have been established and are described in the present text, emphasizing their role in the production of renewable energies, the removal of priority pollutants, as well as greenhouse gases, from industrial streams, by both biological and physicochemical processes. The challenges to optimize the application of immobilized NMs and the relevant research topics to consider in future research are also presented to encourage the scientific community to respond to current needs.
  • 722
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Reservoir-Type Intravesical Delivery Systems
Treatment of bladder cancer remains a critical unmet need and requires advanced approaches, particularly the development of local drug delivery systems. The physiology of the urinary bladder causes the main difficulties in the local treatment of bladder cancer: regular voiding prevents the maintenance of optimal concentration of the instilled drugs, while poor permeability of the urothelium limits the penetration of the drugs into the bladder wall. Therefore, great research efforts have been spent to overcome these hurdles, thereby improving the efficacy of available therapies. The explosive development of nanotechnology, polymer science, and related fields has contributed to the emergence of a number of nanostructured vehicles (nano- and micro-scale) applicable for intravesical drug delivery.
  • 722
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) respond to the characteristics of their surrounding microenvironment, i.e., their extracellular matrix (ECM). The possibility of mimicking the ECM offers the opportunity to elicit specific cell behaviors. The control of surface properties of a biomaterial at the scale level of the components of the ECM has the potential to effectively modulate cell response. Ordered nanoscale silicon pillar arrays were fabricated using reverse micelles of block copolymers on full wafers, with standard deviations lower than 15%. Bioactive synthetic peptides were covalently grafted on nanoarrays to evaluate possible synergies between chemistry and topography on osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Functionalization with RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) and BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) mimetic peptides lead to an enhancement of osteogenic differentiation. Bare nanopillar arrays of reduced pitch were found to promote faster hMSC differentiation. These findings highlight the relevance of investigating possibilities of engineering in vitro systems which can be fine-tuned according to the envisaged cell response. 
  • 716
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic Bionanomaterials for Biosensor Applications
Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive natural resource because of its abundance, renewability, recyclability, and low cost. The ever-increasing developments in nanotechnology have opened up new vistas in sensor fabrication such as biosensor design for electronics, communication, automobile, optical products, packaging, textile, biomedical, and tissue engineering. Due to their outstanding properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, improved electrical and thermal conductivity, high physical and mechanical properties, high surface area and catalytic activity, lignocellulosic bionanomaterials including nanocellulose and nanolignin emerge as very promising raw materials to be used in the development of high-impact biosensors.
  • 716
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of CNTs and Biogenesis of BNTs
Nanotubes (NTs) are mainly known as materials made from various substances, such as carbon, boron, or silicon, which share a nanosized tube-like structure. Among them, carbon-based NTs (CNTs) are the most researched group. CNTs, due to their nonpareil electrical, mechanical, and optical properties, can provide tremendous achievements in several fields of nanotechnology. Unfortunately, the high costs of production and the lack of unequivocally reliable toxicity data still prohibit their extensive application. A significant number of intriguing nanotubes-like structures were identified in bacteria (BNTs). The majority of experts define BNTs as membranous intercellular bridges that connect neighboring bacterial cell lying in proximity. Most evidence suggested that bacteria exploit NTs to realize both antagonistic and cooperative intercellular exchanges of cytoplasmic molecules and nutrients. Among other consequences, it has been proposed that such molecular trade, including even plasmids, can facilitate the emergence of new non-heritable phenotypes and characteristics in multicellular bacterial communities, including resistance to antibiotics, with effects of paramount importance on global health.
  • 713
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Safe(r)-By-Design CuO Nanoparticles
Safe(r)-by-design modifications of CuO nanoparticles target the release of Cu ions and/or the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Two strategies can be found in safe-by-design studies. One safe-by-design strategy regarding CuO nanoparticles is based on coating or capping (surface modification), often with organic substances. Another safe-by-design strategy for CuO nanoparticles is based on doping. 
  • 713
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications of Nucleic Acids
Magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) combine the features of magnetic nanoparticles and a second material, which provide distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties. The magnetic core for nanocomposite synthesis is extensively used due to its high saturation magnetization, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy functionalization. Moreover, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), hyperthermia, and targeted drug and gene delivery by an external magnetic field. Numerous composing units exist, which leads to the outstanding application of composites. The authors focused on nucleic acid-based bioapplications of MNCs with polymeric, organic, inorganic, biomolecules, and bioinspared surface coating. The unique types of nanocomposites as magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) properties are presented. The authors aim to discuss the features of nucleic acid-based MNC information available to researchers in this field and guide them through some problems in the area, structure variation, and surface functionalization possibilities. The advancements of MNCs and imprinted polymers in nucleic acid-based therapy, diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic separation, biocatalytic, and biosensing are introduced.
  • 712
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
AuNP-Liposome Nanocomposites: Rationale of Preparation
AuNP are poor drug delivery candidates based on the lack of a reservoir or a matrix to load therapeutics. In fact, loading of therapeutics are limited to the surface of the AuNP, and thus the loading capacity is intrinsically less than other nanocarriers (lipidic or polymeric) on weight per weight bases. However, AuNP have excellent optical and thermal properties and has been proven as an excellent light absorber in the UV-vis region of the spectrum with excellent photothermal conversion efficiency to generate local heat that can be employed to fight nearby cancer cells or to induce drug delivery from the hosting matrix.
  • 711
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanofibers as Efficient Platforms in Biosensing Devices
Biosensors are analytical tools that can be used as simple, real-time, and effective devices in clinical diagnosis, food analysis, and environmental monitoring. Nanoscale functional materials possess unique properties such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, making them useful for biomedical diagnostic purposes. Nanoengineering has resulted in the increased use of nanoscale functional materials in biosensors. Various types of nanostructures i.e., 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D, have been intensively employed to enhance biosensor selectivity, limit of detection, sensitivity, and speed of response time to display results. In particular, carbon nanotubes and nanofibers have been extensively employed in electrochemical biosensors, which have become an interdisciplinary frontier between material science and viral disease detection. 
  • 706
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
From Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Uninterrupted Power Supply System
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was invented in 2012 and is undergoing fast progress in tandem with the notion of switching to cleaner forms of energy, such as thermal, mechanical, biochemical, and solar, as well as any other forms of environmental energy. Based on the coupled effects of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, TENG represents a significant technological advance in converting various mechanical energies present in the ambient environment into electrical energy. Because of its benefits for environmental friendliness, low cost, sound efficiency, and a wide range of material alternatives, it has been extensively employed in several varieties of self-powered electronic gadgets, such as wireless sensors, implanted medical equipment, chemical sensors, electrochemical processes, household appliances, security detection systems, human-machine interfaces (HMIs), and artificial intelligence (AI).
  • 704
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Nanomaterials for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose
The high conductivity of graphene material (or its derivatives) and its very large surface area enhance the direct electron transfer, improving non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors sensitivity and its other characteristics. The offered large pores facilitate analyte transport enabling glucose detection even at very low concentration values. Herein classified the enzymeless graphene-based glucose electrocatalysts’ synthesis methods that have been followed into the last few years into four main categories: (i) direct growth of graphene (or oxides) on metallic substrates, (ii) in-situ growth of metallic nanoparticles into graphene (or oxides) matrix, (iii) laser-induced graphene electrodes and (iv) polymer functionalized graphene (or oxides) electrodes. The increment of the specific surface area and the high degree reduction of the electrode internal resistance were recognized as their common targets.
  • 702
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Second Generation Antipsychotics
Orally administered antipsychotic drugs are the first-line treatment for psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The most-used antipsychotic drugs include “atypical” or “second-generation” antipsychotics, such as quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine, asenapine, lurasidone, zotepine, amisulpride or clozapine
  • 700
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Polymers in Biomedical Applications
Bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance remain significant contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite recent advances in biomedical research, a substantial number of medical devices and implants continue to be plagued by bacterial colonisation, resulting in severe consequences, including fatalities. The development of nanostructured surfaces with mechano-bactericidal properties has emerged as a promising solution to this problem. These surfaces employ a mechanical rupturing mechanism to lyse bacterial cells, effectively halting subsequent biofilm formation on various materials and, ultimately, thwarting bacterial infections.
  • 700
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gold-Nanoparticle Hybrid Nanostructures for Multimodal Cancer Therapy
With the urgent need for bio-nanomaterials to improve the currently available cancer treatments, gold nanoparticle (GNP) hybrid nanostructures are rapidly rising as promising multimodal candidates for cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been hybridized with several nanocarriers, including liposomes and polymers, to achieve chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and imaging using a single composite. The GNP nanohybrids used for targeted chemotherapy can be designed to respond to external stimuli such as heat or internal stimuli such as intratumoral pH. 
  • 697
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nanostructured VO2 Materials and Modulation of Their Properties
The morphology of VO2 depends on synthesis methods, which are primarily categorized solution- and gas-phase-based synthesis methods. For example, sol-gel process and hydrothermal synthesis are representative solution-based chemical approaches, while pulsed laser deposition (PLD), sputtering method, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are gas- or vapor-phase synthesis techniques. In previous reports, various techniques for the fabrication of nanostructured VO2 materials have been described in detail.
  • 697
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bi-Dimensional MIP Composites
Deposition of thin MIP layers over different substrates, i.e. metal chips, silicon-based supports, carbon-based materials or semiconductors
  • 692
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Application of Nanomaterials to Control Cell Behavior
Selective cancer therapy comes from the background of treating cancer cells with nanomaterials and applying light to the NPs. The research on “photo-nano-therapy” has been dramatically increasing since 2010. Photothermal therapies (PTT) has two diverse levels: (1) active or passive tumor homing through engineered phototherapeutic agents such as NPs; (2) irradiating the diseased lesion without harming the normal cells by the controlled light application. 
  • 692
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ferroptosis—A New Form of Cell Death
Ferroptosis is a new form of iron-dependent programmed cell death discovered, which is caused by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Studies have shown that cellular ferroptosis is closely related to tumor progression, and the induction of ferroptosis is a new means to inhibit tumor growth.
  • 691
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Materials for Frequency Down-Conversion Light-Emitting Diodes
Luminescent carbon dots (CDs) are a new form of nanocarbon quantum dot (QD) that have gained a huge amount of interest in recent years for their properties; in particular, their optical properties make them suitable for light-emitting diode (LED) manufacturing. One of the most frequently used methods for obtaining different emission spectra is color conversion, typically used for high CRI and white LEDs and displays, where the lowest emission wavelength source pumps other layers of materials, commonly called phosphors, that induce a conversion to the highest wavelengths.
  • 690
  • 11 Oct 2022
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