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Hossain, M.I.;  Nanda, S.S.;  Selvan, S.T.;  Yi, D.K. Application of Nanomaterials to Control Cell Behavior. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28805 (accessed on 03 July 2024).
Hossain MI,  Nanda SS,  Selvan ST,  Yi DK. Application of Nanomaterials to Control Cell Behavior. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28805. Accessed July 03, 2024.
Hossain, Md Imran, Sitansu Sekhar Nanda, Subramanian Tamil Selvan, Dong Kee Yi. "Application of Nanomaterials to Control Cell Behavior" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28805 (accessed July 03, 2024).
Hossain, M.I.,  Nanda, S.S.,  Selvan, S.T., & Yi, D.K. (2022, October 11). Application of Nanomaterials to Control Cell Behavior. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28805
Hossain, Md Imran, et al. "Application of Nanomaterials to Control Cell Behavior." Encyclopedia. Web. 11 October, 2022.
Application of Nanomaterials to Control Cell Behavior
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nano12193318

Selective cancer therapy comes from the background of treating cancer cells with nanomaterials and applying light to the NPs. The research on “photo-nano-therapy” has been dramatically increasing since 2010. Photothermal therapies (PTT) has two diverse levels: (1) active or passive tumor homing through engineered phototherapeutic agents such as NPs; (2) irradiating the diseased lesion without harming the normal cells by the controlled light application. 

cell behavioral control inflammation control photothermal therapy

1. Metal Nanomaterials

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an interesting phenomenon occurring in metal NPs, due to the excitation of electrons in the metal surface layer by photons of the incident light [1]. When interacting with light, metal nanomaterials convert light into heat if their oscillation is resonant at the practical frequency of the light [2]. The researchers' group studied photothermal therapy using AuNPs and has been receiving a great deal of interest among researchers because of its excellent optical properties and heat-absorbing capacity [3]. Several gold nanostructures such as AuNPs, AuNRs, gold nanocrystals, gold nanostars, and gold nanoflowers have existed in prior arts. AuNPs have been shown to destruct both cancer and bacterial cells. The researchers' group has demonstrated the potential application of AuNRs for photothermal therapy [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The researchers have summarized the NIR-light-responsive materials for photothermal cell treatments in Table 1.
Table 1. Summary of NIR-light-responsive materials for photothermal cell treatments.
Materials In Vivo/In Vitro Dose/Concentration Laser Power and Wavelength Cell(s) Total Treatment Time/Laser Irradiation Time Activity Ref.
Si-AuNRs In vitro 83 µg/mL NIR Laser 160 mW, 671 nm Wavelength MDA-MB-231 48 h Enhance the activities of HSPs. Folding the proteins in cell growth and survival [8]
Gold nanorods–magnetic NPs In vitro 5 mg·mL−1–35 mg mL−1 671 nm DPSS Laser, 130 mW E. coli 12 min (laser irradiation time) Bactericidal, bacteriostatic [10]
Chit-AgNTs In vitro 0.17 µgmL−1–1.71 µgmL−1 720–930 nm, CW laser NCI-H460 cancer cells 24 h Cell-membrane destruction by photothermal effect [12]
Fe3O4-ICG@IRM In vivo 20 mg/kg in mice 0.5–2.0 W/cm2 ID8 tumor in C57BL/6 mice 18 days Vacuolar necrotic cells, apoptotic tumor cells [13]
IONF@CuS NPs In vitro 10 µL 0.3 W/cm2 hMSCs 21 days Potential photothermal properties with no adverse biological response [14]
Fe3O4@Dex-PGEA In vivo 100 µL 1 W/cm2 Breast cancer cells 10 days Growth reduction in the solid tumor tissue [15]
PEG-SWCNTs In vivo ~120 mg/mL, 100 µL 808 nm Wavelength, 76 W/cm3 KB tumor cells 60 days Destruction of the solid tumor [16]
Ppy NPs In vivo 0.072–2.3 mg/mL 1 W/cm2 U87 tumor cells 18 days Prominent photothermal efficiency with excellent biosafety [17]
Graphene nanocomposite In vitro 0–20% 808 nm, 800 mW Neural stem cells 7 days Potential photothermal properties and enhanced cell proliferation [18]
Importantly, AuNRs have two characteristic optical absorptions, i.e., the transverse and the longitudinal, corresponding to the aspect ratio (i.e., length/diameter) of the rods. Thus, by tuning the aspect ratio of AuNRs, the SPR region could be shifted to the NIR region for PTT. Upon NIR light irradiation, AuNRs absorb light which is effectively converted into heat because the excited conduction band electrons decay to the ground state by releasing their energy. The NIR light provides the maximal penetration of light, up to 10 cm (breast tissue), depending on the tissue types due to relatively lower scattering and absorption from the intrinsic tissue chromophores [19].
Reducing the cytotoxicity by coating silica NPs on the AuNRs is one of the useful studies for optothermal cancer cell lysis. Earlier, the researchers demonstrated that silica-coated negatively charged (−24 mV) AuNRs added to the HeLa (derived from the name Henrietta Lacks) cells showed minimal toxicity [20]. Another study from the resesarchers' group reported that Si-AuNRs have a 36.13% greater cell growth rate for MDA-MB-231 cells (human breast cancer cells) under the NIR laser irradiation than the normal incubator condition by enhancing the activity of heat shock protein (HSP) [8]. The researchers' recent study demonstrated the photothermal application of copper–gold (Cu-Au) tripods for CT-26 cells (colon carcinoma cells) death under the laser irradiation of 633 nm wavelength, 150 mW/cm2 for 10 min [21]. Additionally, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)-conjugated AuNRs could generate a rapid photothermal effect and produce a bactericidal effect by enhanced magnetic separation [4].
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have the potential thermal activity to control cell behavior effectively. Boca and co-workers reported that modified synthesis of chitosan-coated silver nano-triangles (Chit-AgNTs) showed effective photothermal activity against human non-small lung cancer cells (NCI-H460). In more detail, enough positively charged Chit-AgNT with the zeta-potential of +39 mV can provide enough surface charge to stablize the particles. Chitosan can be the alternative to biopolymers to make the NPs more stable and more biocompatible [12]. The efficiency of the conversion of light into heat is similar for both Au and AgNPs [22][23]. Liang and co-workers observed that spiky star-shaped Au/Ag NPs also have the potential to deal with cancer cells by using photothermal effects. They made fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled modified chitosan-coated Au/Ag NPs and used oral cancer cell (SAS) with 150 mW of NIR laser for a treatment period of 12 h to induce the ablation of the cancer cell compounded by the laser wavelength of 800 nm [24]. However, the antimicrobial role of AgNPs products is now a matter of interest. Properties such as biocidal, virucidal, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and anticancer activity make AgNPs more selective for modern biomedical applications [25]. Smaller particles that give higher cytotoxic effects impair large surface area. Because of the well-known shapes of AgNPs that can utilize the nanostructure in the biological field such as nanowire, nanorod, and nanoplate [26]. AgNPs, used as anti-angiogenesis in albino mice and LD50 (lethal dose 50): 3.5 µL/mL AgNP function as an anti-cancer material for MCF-7 breast cancer cells [27]. Sahu and co-workers reported that AgNPs have an anticancer effect on hepatic cells. They applied AgNPs on HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells with a size of 20 nm and the dose was 1–20 µg/mL with an incubation time of 24 h under the NIR irradiation, finding that AgNPs affected the hepatic cells, though they had a cytotoxic effect [28].
Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are widely known for their use in the green synthesis method. Ruiz and co-workers found that PdNPs synthesized by the green method with sizes of around 6 nm can accommodate the cancer cell cytoplasm. After applying the NIR laser, they showed the cell ablation effect on the cancer cells [29]. Ultrathin hexagon-shaped PdNPs with sizes ranging from 28 to 60 nm have excellent catalytic and plasmonic properties upon NIR laser [30]. In another study, Tang and co-workers suggested that high photothermal conversion of PdNPs has been found in the NIR at 808 nm wavelength. They also reported that the surface modification of the palladium nanosheets reduced the glutathione with sustained blood circulation and with a high accumulation rate in the tumor site [31]. They reported a higher conversion efficiency of PdNPs compared to typical gold nanorods and the efficacy of the photothermal conversion is 93.4% at a laser power of 808 nm, killing over 70% of cancer cells within 4 min. After modifying the surface of PdNPs with chitosan oligosaccharide, it shows improved biocompatibility [32]. PdNPs–Chitosan compounds can functionalize the RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) peptide, improving its accumulation in breast cancer cells and showing a therapeutic effect under an 808 nm laser [33]. Flower-shaped PdNPs embedded in chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol membrane with sizes ranging from 30 to 50 nm also have photothermal and wound-healing activity as reported in an article. Briefly, different concentrations of PdNPs were used, and 60 µg/mL of PdNPs rapidly went up to 56.5 °C and 6.25 µg/mL of PdNPs went to 33.7 °C [34]. Chaga Mushroom-derived PdNPs are useful for tri-modal anticancer therapy, controlled delivery of doxorubicin, and photothermal activity upon laser irradiation, while 40 µg/mL Chaga-PdNPs under 808 nm laser irradiation for 4 min can cause the cell ablation in HeLa cells [35].
Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) have become a scientific tool that is explored in various nanomedicine and biotechnological fields. Evidence has proved that photothermal therapies of PtNPs are highly selective for tumor ablation in both ways, such as singlet oxygen generation and the photothermal effect. Iron-conjugated PtNPs showed improved bioavailability on photothermal therapy by high NIR laser [36]. Folate functionalized 3-mercaptopropionic acid (FePtNPs) size of around 12 nm impacted the intercellular damage, which corresponded to the number of NPs causing necrosis in tumor cells in a proportional manner [37]. Trifolium-like platinum nanoparticles (TPNs) have been studied for their photothermal effects and it has been found that TPNs are effective for killing cancer cells followed by four hours of incubation and 808 nm NIR laser irradiation for 5 min. In vivo analysis of TPNs showed a clear reduction in tumor growth [38]. Peptide modification of PtNPs showed improved bioavailability and accumulation in mitochondria and PtNPs generate hypothermia in thermosensitive mitochondria, resulting in limiting tumor growth and severe damage to cancer cells. Protein-conjugated ultra-small PtNPs can specifically target mitochondria under the irradiation of 1064 nm laser by 5 min with a concentration of 32 µg/mL, 1.5 W/cm2 [39]. In one study, it is shown that injectable and degradable hydrogel-based PtNPs can be used for repeatable photothermal cancer therapy. Dex-Ald and dendrimer-encapsulated platinum nanoparticles (Dex-DEPts) can raise the temperature to ~65 °C upon 808 nm NIR irradiation within 3 min. Dex-DEPts hydrogel was maintained in the tumor for one week repeatedly and it was found to cause further tumor regression [40].
Moreover, tumor-specific nanoparticles-based photothermal therapy has prominent contributions in the field of cell behavior control. Xiong and co-workers developed a hybrid biomimetic membrane (IRM), indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-ICG@IRM) for photothermal immunotherapy. This prolongs the circulation half-life, biodistribution, and response in tumor-specific immunotherapy [13]. However, nano–bio interactions and bioprocessing are aspects to be considered for the internalization of nanoparticles into the cells. Hollow copper sulfide (CuS) and rattle-like iron oxide nanoflowers@CuS core-shell hybrids (IONF@CuS NPs) are effective in the cellular metabolism of the nano-sized metals without affecting the cell viability and oxidative stress [14]. Additionally, one-dimensional polycation-coated nanohybrids Fe3O4@Dex-PGEA composed of polysaccharide dextran showed excellent photothermal properties, cellular uptake, and rapid clearance [15].

2. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are well-structured, hollow, graphite nanomaterials and many researchers are attracted to them for having different layers, such as SWCNT or MWCNT, and a tunable length. Because of their high mechanical strength and extended surface area and low-weight molecules, researchers are exploring their potential for biological and biomedical applications though it has cytotoxic effects [41][42]. Growing the cells for tissue regeneration and varieties of the targeted drug delivery, diagnostic and gene transfection are being studied in this field. Although CNT has specific biomedical and biological applications, it has severe toxicity toward human health and the surroundings. Dumortier et al. noted that functional carbon nanotubes have deep adverse effects on immune cells and reported few deaths [43]. For controlling the enzymatic activity, MWCNTs/SP is competent as stated by Song et al. [44]. The enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) and the high levels of intrinsic absorption properties make the carbon NPs captivating agents for photothermal therapy [45]. Owing to their EPR and magnificent underlying properties, the discriminatory heating of carcinogenic tissue with or without anticancer drugs is desirable to administer selectively occurring in photocoagulation accompanied by cell death, scaling down the dimensions of the carcinogenic tissue, or complete elimination of the selective tissue [46]. There are several reasons for choosing the biological treatment of carbon nanotube: First, the proper surface modification of the carbon nanomaterials makes the molecules protected from the attack of the immune system [47]. The researchers correlated specific treatment methods by using different nanomaterials under different NIR laser conditions in Table 1. Second, carbon NPs have prominent light absorbance in the NIR, having superior tissue penetration ability [48]. SWCNTs were the first carbon NPs utilized as a photothermal agent and the administration of SWCNTs was based on intratumoral injection, and intravenous injection [16][49].
Chao et al. indicated advanced administration of carbon nanotube to the tumor metastases in sentinel lymph nodes [50]. Most cancer deaths are associated with metastasis spread. So, it is decisive to destruct the cancer cell from the dominant level. In a study, researchers found that the irradiation of both primary and secondary tumors by photothermal heating prolonged the mouse survival, in contrast to the only primary tumor [51]. However, optimum renal clearance of the nanoparticles is a challenge in the way of achieving low systemic toxicity. Zeng and co-workers developed ultrasmall polypyrrole nanoparticles (Ppy NPs) of the size ~2 nm which have excellent photothermal conversion efficiency from 33.35% to 41.97% with efficient renal clearance [52]. The introduction of graphene-based nanocomposites as 4D-printed materials for on-time and position shape transformation under the NIR irradiation contributes potentially to the biomedical field [53]. The researchers have summarized the size-dependent biocompatibility or toxicity in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary of nanomaterials size effects on biocompatibility.
Materials Methods Size Animals Site of Action Route of Administration Toxicity Ref.
AuNPs Percent mortality 15–100 nm Mouse and zebrafish Size-dependent distribution Intravenous (mouse), embryo No toxicity observed [17][18]
AgNPs Histopathology 42 nm Mouse Whole body distribution Oral Organ toxicity and inflammatory responses [54]
TiO2 Morphometric 19–21 nm Mouse Placenta Intratracheal Pulmonary toxicity, pulmonary emphysema [55]
Nano-copper Biochemistry analysis ~23.5 nm Mouse Plasma Oral Accumulation of alkalescent substance [56]
Silica nanoparticles Immunohistochemistry 50–200 nm Mouse Tissue distribution Intravenous Inflammatory responses over the size ~100 nm [57]
PLGA Histopathology 200–350 nm Mouse Histopathology assay Oral No toxicity [58]

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Subjects: Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Md Imran Hossain
,
Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
,
Subramanian Tamil Selvan
,
Dong Kee Yi
View Times: 433
Revisions: 4 times (View History)
Update Date: 12 Oct 2022
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