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Topic Review
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
The term B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) encompasses different neoplasms characterized by an abnormal proliferation of lymphoid B cells.
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Notation for Theoretic Scheduling Problems
A convenient notation for theoretic scheduling problems was introduced by Ronald Graham, Eugene Lawler, Jan Karel Lenstra and Alexander Rinnooy Kan in. It consists of three fields: α, β and γ. Each field may be a comma separated list of words. The α field describes the machine environment, β the job characteristics and constraints, and γ the objective function. Since its introduction in the late 1970s the notation has been constantly extended, sometimes inconsistently. As a result, today there are some problems that appear with distinct notations in several papers.
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plant Extract-Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles
Eucalyptus globulus (EG) is an endemic plant in Australia that is widely found throughout the world. It is the main source of botanical essential oils and is well-recognized in pharmacopeia around the globe. In the plant-assisted fabrication of nanoparticles, the salt solution and extract are simply mixed at room temperature or slightly high temperature, resulting in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) within minutes.
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Durga Puja
Durga Puja, one of the most celebrated and grand festivals of India, particularly in West Bengal, has a deep historical, cultural, and spiritual significance. Originating as a form of Shakti worship in the Indian subcontinent, Durga Puja has evolved over millennia. This festival honors Goddess Durga, the embodiment of feminine power, who symbolizes the victory of good over evil. However, the practice and celebration of Durga Puja have faced numerous challenges over the centuries, especially during periods of foreign invasions and the rise of Islam and Christianity in India. Despite these obstacles, Durga Puja not only survived but flourished by adapting to the social, political, and religious changes of the time. This article traces the history of Durga Puja from its ancient roots, examines how it weathered foreign invasions, and explores how it continues to thrive in the modern world.
  • 2.6K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Nutritional Composition of Ripe Hass Avocado Pulp
Avocados (Persea americana) are a unique fruit that can provide health benefits when included in a healthy diet. As health care moves towards precision health and targeted therapies or preventative medicine, it is critical to understand foods and their dietary components. The nutritional composition and plant physiology of the Hass avocado is strikingly different from other fruits. The ripe fruit is rich in oleic acid, fiber, micronutrients (e.g., folate, vitamin K, copper, pantothenic acid), and various important phytochemicals, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and phytosterols.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Innovation Ecosystems
Innovation ecosystem is a intertwined network of multi-layer relationships through which relevant knowledge and creativity flow through a framework of sustained value co-creation. The term gained popularity among academics, policymakers, managers and entrepreneurs in the last decades. These complex relations between players aim to enable technology development and innovation with an open mindset and promoting the responsible and inclusive exploitation of resources.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Biography
Sergey Vyacheslavovich Savelyev
Sergey Vyacheslavovich Savelyev (Russian: Серге́й Вячесла́вович Саве́льев; born March 7, 1959)[1] is a Russian doctor of biological Sciences, Professor,[2] author of the idea of cerebral sorting. Born in Moscow, he graduated from the Biology and Chemistry Faculty of MGZPI (now the Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities), worked at the Brain Institute of
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
ACSL3 and ACSL4 in Ferroptosis
Ferroptosis involves cell metabolism, regulations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and iron metabolism. To trigger ferroptosis, specific lipids must undergo peroxidation, and the natural defense mechanisms that prevent the accumulation of peroxidized lipids must be compromised. Acyl CoA synthetase (ACSLs) play an important role in tissue cell metabolism, and different isoforms have different tissue distributions and substrate preferences, which regulate different intracellular lipid compositions. Among these five isoforms, ACSL3 and ACSL4 have been shown to participate in ferroptosis. In addition, ACSL4 is a positive regulator in ferroptosis, whereas ACSL3 contributes to cancer cells acquiring ferroptosis resistance.
  • 2.6K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Fixation
Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the process by which inorganic carbon (particularly in the form of carbon dioxide) is converted to organic compounds by living organisms. The compounds are then used to store energy and as structure for other biomolecules. Carbon is primarily fixed through photosynthesis, but some organisms use a process called chemosynthesis in the absence of sunlight. Organisms that grow by fixing carbon are called autotrophs, which include photoautotrophs (which use sunlight), and lithoautotrophs (which use inorganic oxidation). Heterotrophs are not themselves capable of carbon fixation but are able to grow by consuming the carbon fixed by autotrophs or other heterotrophs. "Fixed carbon", "reduced carbon", and "organic carbon" may all be used interchangeably to refer to various organic compounds.
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sweet Potatoes
Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) are part of the largest food crops in many countries. It has good nutritional value because, in addition to containing vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and anthocyanins in varied contents, due to the existence of various colors of their pulps, they have starch as their major constituent. 
  • 2.6K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Technologies in Detection of Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that cause harmful effects on human and animal health as well as significant economic losses. As mycotoxins are responsible for food contamination and certain permissible limits have already been established, developing sensitive and reliable methods to detect them is a top priority. Proteomic and genomic methods, molecular techniques, electronic nose, aggregation-induced emission dye, quantitative NMR, and hyperspectral imaging are some innovative techniques which are applied in the analysis and determination of important mycotoxins in foods and are used alternatively in chromatographic techniques. Some of them have proven to be particularly effective in not only the detection of mycotoxins, but also in detecting mycotoxin-producing fungi. As mycotoxin-contaminated foods can appear anywhere in the world through international trade, their detection and identification are considered essential to the protection of human health by providing safe foods free of major food contaminants such as mycotoxins.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Split-Single
The split-single (Doppelkolbenmotor to its German and Austrian manufacturers), is a variant on the two-stroke engine with two cylinders sharing a single combustion chamber.
  • 2.6K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of DOS Operating Systems
This article presents a timeline of events in the history of 16-bit x86 DOS-family disk operating systems from 1980 to present. Non-x86 operating systems named "DOS" are not part of the scope of this timeline. Also presented is a timeline of events in the history of the 8-bit 8080-based and 16-bit x86-based CP/M operating systems from 1974 to 2014, as well as the hardware and software developments from 1973 to 1995 which formed the foundation for the initial version and subsequent enhanced versions of these operating systems.
  • 2.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Organic Matter in Forming Gold-Deposits
Carbonaceous organic matter occurs under various phases and forms, where its fine characterization is mostly restricted to petroleum and coal geology. As a consequence, few studies have integrated the complete link between various forms of organic matter and metals to decipher hydrothermal ore concentrating processes. The study of Dill et al., integrating the concentration of sulfides and oxides with the interaction of silicates and organic matters, is an example of the next step to reach for defining the complex role of organic matter for the formation of orogenic gold deposits.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
H2S Removal from Gas Mixtures Using Zeolites
Natural gas, biogas, and refinery gas all include H2S, which has adverse effects not only on the environment and human health but also on the equipment and catalysts that are employed in the relevant processes. H2S is removed from the aforementioned gases using a variety of techniques in order to fulfill the necessary sales criteria and for reasons of safety. The adsorption method stands out among various other approaches due to its straightforward operation, high level of efficiency, and low overall cost. This technique makes use of a variety of adsorbents, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), activated carbon, and zeolites. The use of zeolite-based adsorbents is by far the most common of these various types.
  • 2.6K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Chromodomain-Helicase-DNA Binding Family
The CHD (chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding) family consists of nine members (CHD1–CHD9). Their structure is characterised by two consecutive chromodomains in the N-terminal region and an SNF2-like (sucrose-non-fermenting (SNF)) ATP-dependent helicase domain positioned in the central region. They recognise and bind nucleosomes to contribute, in many cases, to the formation of heterochromatin typically marked by the presence of methylated histones and other repressive chromatin markers. CHD proteins can bind to methylated histones through their chromodomains and use their helicase activity to remodel the chromatin and contribute to the formation of heterochromatin, a fundamental feature of chromosomes that ensures genomic stability.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19 and Participatory Music-Making
Participatory music-making is any music-making activity in which individuals engage for the sake of the activity itself. It can be contrasted with presentational music-making, which takes the production of a performance or recording for consumption by an audience as a principal objective. During the COVID-19 pandemic, participatory musicians adopted a variety of technological means by which to make music together online. While virtual activities allowed these individuals to sustain their communities and grow as musicians, they did not satisfy all the needs met by in-person music-making. Additionally, online music-making increased access for some but posed barriers to access for others. Virtual participatory music-making remains relevant following the relaxation of pandemic restrictions, and it will likely grow in significance as communications technologies and internet access improve.
  • 2.6K
  • 07 May 2024
Topic Review
Leishmania Major and Leishmania Donovani
Leishmania are protozoa belonging to the Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981; Class Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963; order Trypanosomatida Kent, 1880; family Trypanosomatidae Doeflein, 1901 and subfamily Leishmaniinae, Maslov and Lukes 2012. The genus Leishmania is further divided into four subgenera, L. (Leishmania) Safjanova 1982, L. (Viannia) Lainson and Shaw, 1987, L. (Mundinia) Shaw, Camargo and Teixeira 2016 and L. (Sauroleishmania) Ranque 1973 [1]. Members of the first three subgenera are causative agents of leishmaniasis, the worldwide distributed, vector-borne human and veterinary disease. The main insect vectors are phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae). Human leishmaniases are highly variable in their clinical manifestation, ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to serious visceral forms, life-treating if untreated. The main representative of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World is Leishmania major, distributed from North and West Africa through Sahel belt and the Middle East to Central Asia, Mongolia and south-west Asia. This species is transmitted by sand flies of the subgenus Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus). The sores appear at the site of insect bite and the necrotic process results in large, open and wet lesions which cure without treatment.  Several lesions may occur simultaneously. Reservoir hosts of L. major are various rodents, humans getting infected incidentally. Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, called also kala azar. Fully developed kala azar is characterized with anaemia, haepatosplenomegaly and progressive cachexia and may be fatal if untreated, but subclinical or asymptomatic cases are frequent. The main vectors are P. (Larrousius) orientalis in East Africa and Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) argentipes in the Indian peninsula. The disease is regarded as anthroponotic in Indian peninsula while involvement of reservoir animals has been suggested in East Africa [2].
  • 2.6K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tumor Temperature
The temperature of a solid tumor is often dissimilar to baseline body temperature and, compared to healthy tissues, may be elevated, reduced, or a mix of both. The temperature of a tumor is dependent on metabolic activity and vascularization and can change due to tumor progression, treatment, or cancer type.
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Treatment Methods of SC
Sulfur compounds(SC) are removed from petroleum by the addition of sodium hydroxide at a very high concentration. As a result, a residue called spent soda or spent caustic is generated, being extremely aggressive to the environment. In this work, the chemical properties of this residue are described in detail. The sodium hydroxide remains that have not reacted, sulfur compounds, and organic matter are the primary pollutants reported. Additionally, the main characteristics of the methods of treatment used to reduce them are described.
  • 2.6K
  • 14 Jan 2021
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