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Topic Review
Comparative Study of Keccak SHA-3 Implementations
SHA-3, a pivotal component in modern cryptography, has spawned numerous implementations across diverse platforms and technologies. This text aims to provide valuable insights into selecting and optimizing Keccak SHA-3 implementations. It encompasses an in-depth analysis of hardware, software, and software–hardware (hybrid) solutions. Researchers assess the strengths, weaknesses, and performance metrics of each approach. Critical factors, including computational efficiency, scalability, and flexibility, are evaluated across different use cases. Researchers investigate how each implementation performs in terms of speed and resource utilization. This text aims to improve the knowledge of cryptographic systems, aiding in the informed design and deployment of efficient cryptographic solutions. By providing a comprehensive overview of SHA-3 implementations, it offers a clear understanding of the available options and equips professionals and researchers with the necessary insights to make informed decisions in their cryptographic endeavors.
  • 639
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Maximum Power Point Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System
In the recent past, the solar photovoltaic (PV) system has emerged as the most promising source of alternative energy. This solar PV system suffers from an unavoidable phenomenon due to the fluctuating environmental conditions. It has nonlinearity in I-V curves, which reduces the output efficiency. Hence, the optimum maximum power point (MPP) extraction of the PV system is difficult to achieve. Therefore, for maximizing the power output of PV systems, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mechanism, which is a control algorithm that can constantly track the MPP during operation, is required. However, choosing a suitable MPPT technique might be confusing because each method has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Hence, a proper review of these methods is essential. In this research, various MPPT techniques based on their classifications, such as offline, online, and hybrid techniques under uniform and nonuniform irradiances, are presented. In comparison to offline and online MPPT methods, intelligent MPPT techniques have better tracking accuracy and tracking efficiency with less steady state oscillations. Unlike online and offline techniques, intelligent methods track the global MPP under partial shade conditions. 
  • 637
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Improvement in Light Extraction Efficiency
As one of the important performance indicators of Micro-LEDs, external quantum efficiency (EQE) refers to the ratio of the final emitted photon number to the injected carrier number, which can be obtained by the product of the light extraction efficiency (LEE) and internal quantum efficiency (IQE). Therefore, EQE can be improved by improving the LEE. 
  • 636
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Versatile Electronics for Microwave Holographic RADAR
The NATO SPS G-5014 project has shown the possibility of using a holographic RADAR for the detection of anti-personnel mines. To use the RADAR on a robotic scanning system, it must be portable, light, easily integrated with mechanical handling systems and configurable in its operating parameters for optimal performance on different terrains. The novel contribution is to use software programmable electronics to optimize performance and to use a time reference to obtain synchronization between the RADAR samples and the position in space, in order to make it easy to integrate the RADAR on robotic platforms. 
  • 635
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
IoT-Based Hybrid AC/DC RES Environment
Smart microgrids, as the foundations of the future smart grid, combine distinct Internet of Things (IoT) designs and technologies for applications that are designed to create, regulate, monitor, and protect the microgrid (MG), particularly as the IoT develops and evolves on a daily basis. Communication networks are critical components of HRES because they allow data to flow between data sources (sensors and meters), control centers, and controllers. The data flow from various elements establishes the system architecture in addition to facilitating the control operation and remote monitoring. Sensing, communication, processing, and actuation will all benefit from IoT technology, which will facilitate a variety of MG applications.
  • 635
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Conservation Voltage Reduction in Modern Power Systems
Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is a potentially effective and efficient technique for inertia synthesis and frequency support in modern grids comprising power electronics (PE)-based components, aiming to improve dynamic stability. In conventional power systems with synchronous generators, CVR utilization strategies aiming to conserve energy are split into two broad categories namely, open-loop and closed-loop techniques. Electromechanical voltage regulating devices, such as on-load tap changers (OLTCs), line drop compensators, and capacitor banks, are used to utilize CVR through open-loop procedures without measuring the voltage as a feedback signal. 
  • 635
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Computing in Human–Robot Collaboration
Human–robot collaboration has emerged as a prominent research topic. To enhance collaboration and ensure safety between humans and robots, researchers employ a variety of methods. One such method is physiological computing, which aims to estimate a human’s psycho-physiological state by measuring various physiological signals such as galvanic skin response (GSR), electrocardiograph (ECG), heart rate variability (HRV), and electroencephalogram (EEG). This information is then used to provide feedback to the robot.
  • 635
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Applications and Challenges of Acoustic Wake-Up Technology
Microsystems with capabilities of acoustic signal perception and recognition are widely used in unattended monitoring applications. In order to realize long-term and large-scale monitoring, microsystems with ultra-low power consumption are always required. Acoustic wake-up is one of the solutions to effectively reduce the power consumption of microsystems, especially for monitoring sparse events.
  • 634
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Electricity Usage Settlement System Based on Cryptocurrency Instrument
The development of digital techniques, including blockchain-based mechanisms, has meant that an increased interest in blockchain-based solutions is to be expected. Blockchain and similar approaches are characterised by decentralisation, so they are concurrent with the trends of the transforming power sector. Decentralised energy generation based on a high proportion of prosumer installations requires the implementation of a new settlement system for grid activities related to electricity use. The first projects of such systems based on a dedicated cryptocurrency have emerged. Based on these, the general concept of such a system with its own cryptocurrency called CCE is presented, including variants implementing net-metering and net-billing.
  • 631
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Microgrid Control and Safety
Cyber attacks in microgrid systems not only cause issues with data integrity and confidentiality, but cause huge economic losses. Communication of sensor and operational data between each node is essential to attain the efficient operation of microgrid systems. Therefore, monitoring and analyzing the data continuously plays a major role in attaining data integrity. This becomes challenging when the attack is made at the device level rather than the network level. In this scenario, the basic network-level security used in the classical CPS fails to identify the attacks.  Artificial Intelligence (AI) can detect and mitigate cyber attacks.
  • 630
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Underwater Mines Detection by Sonar Signals
Underwater mines are considered a major threat to aquatic life, submarines, and naval activities. Detecting and locating these mines is a challenging task, due to the nature of the underwater environment. The deployment of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASN) can provide an efficient solution to this problem. 
  • 630
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Circular Connector
The term Circular Connector applies to any electrical connector possessing multipin interconnects with cylindrical contact housings and circular contact interface geometries. Circular connectors are selected for ease of engagement and disengagement, their ability to conveniently house different types of contacts, their wide range of allowable contact voltages and currents, their ease of environmental sealing and their rugged mechanical performance. In military, aerospace, and other high-reliability applications, the MIL-DTL-5015 and MIL-DTL-38999 are among the most commonly specified types. The primary disadvantage of the circular design is loss of panel space when used in arrays when compared to rectangular connectors.
  • 629
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Circular Design Principles Applied on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
In a world with growing demand for resources and a worsening climate crisis, it is imperative to research and put into practice more sustainable and regenerative products and processes. Especially in the energy sector, more sustainable systems that are recyclable, repairable and remanufacturable are needed. One promising technology is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). They can be manufactured with low energy input and can be made from non-toxic components. The concept of Circo Track, a method developed by the Technical University of Delft, was applied to DSSCs and investigated which design concepts and business models are applicable. This method enables companies to transform a product that is disposed of after its useful life into one that can be used for longer and circulates in material cycles. 
  • 629
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been garnering wide attention over conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles due to the serious concerns of environmental pollution and crude oil depletion.
  • 629
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MEMS Bionic Fish Ear Structure
The sensor is fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, and is encapsulated in castor oil, which has an acoustic impedance close to the human body.
  • 628
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Applications and Technical Challenges
In general, microgrids (MGs) can be described as integrated systems composed of distributed energy resources and electrical loads operating as a single, autonomous network, in parallel or “islanded” from the distribution network. Smart microgrids are small, modern systems that mimic to a lesser extent today’s large centralized electrical system. Similar to large electrical power systems (EPS), microgrids can generate, distribute, and regulate the flow of electricity to consumers. When operating in parallel, microgrids increase the main grid capacity, reliability, and efficiency. MGs are designed to provide reliable and efficient electricity to small communities, facilities, or even individual homes, and can be powered by a variety of energy sources, such as solar panels, wind turbines, diesel generators, or batteries. Energy storage systems are usually included to ensure security (possibility of islanded operation), reliability, and controllability. A microgrid can be formed by a decentralized group of electricity sources and loads that normally operates connected to a Smart grid or classic grid distribution infrastructure.
  • 627
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Recycled Silicon and Silicon-Based Thermoelectrics for Power Generation
Silicon is the second most earth-abundant element in the earth’s crust, and the most abundant element used in modern-day technologies. Its popularity partially stems from the nontoxic and relatively unreactive nature of derivatives, such as silica and silicates, at room temperature. Consequently, the sheer volume of silicon being used has accelerated the rate of production of waste materials.
  • 625
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Energy Systems in Southern African Development Community
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region includes all the countries located in the southernmost region of Africa, with the Democratic Republic of Congo on the northern boundary of the region. In 2017, more than 341 million people were living in SADC, representing around 33% of SSA’s total population of 1.02 billion, and with an annual growth rate of 2%.  Hydropower is the main renewable energy source in most member states, including Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, and Zambia. Therefore, to accelerate energy access for a higher share of the population, countries like South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe are continuing to exploit mainly non-renewable energy sources, particularly coal. Additionally, SADC needs to face the reduction of GHG emissions to ensure sustainability, and to this end, every effort should be made to guarantee carbon neutrality and a zero-carbon economy.
  • 624
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Small-Signal Stability in Microgrid
The microgrid (MG) system is a controlled and supervised power system consisting of renewable energy (RE)-based distributed generation (DG) units, loads, and energy storage. The MG can be operated autonomously or while connected to the grid. Higher intermittencies and uncertainties can be observed in MGs compared to the conventional power system, which is the possible source of small-signal stability in MG systems. It can be seen as disturbances around the stable operating point, which potentially lead to the small-signal instability problem within MGs. Small-signal instability issues also emerge due to the lack of damping torque in the MG. The integration of power electronic devices and complex control algorithms within MGs introduces novel challenges in terms of small-signal stability and possible resonances. The occurrence of interaction in a low- or no-inertia system might worsen the stability margin, leading to undamped oscillatory instability. The interaction within the MG is characterized by various frequency ranges, from low-frequency subsynchronous oscillation to high-frequency ranges around the harmonic frequencies.
  • 622
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Smart Grid Cybersecurity
Smart grids involves multiple stakeholders that includes consumers, electric utilities, grid operators, and third-party service providers. Due to involvement of multiple stakeholders, the management of the smart grid data specially from the smart meters becomes a daunting task. For enhanced security and privacy protection of smart meter,proposed framework that provide guidelines for integrating security and privacy across different domain.
  • 620
  • 03 Nov 2021
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