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Topic Review
Hydrogen Storage for Large-Scale, Long-Term Energy Storage
In the process of building a new power system with new energy sources as the mainstay, wind power and photovoltaic energy enter the multiplication stage with randomness and uncertainty, and the foundation and support role of large-scale long-time energy storage is highlighted. Considering the advantages of hydrogen energy storage in large-scale, cross-seasonal and cross-regional aspects, the necessity, feasibility and economy of hydrogen energy participation in long-time energy storage under the new power system are discussed.
  • 975
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Isolated Micro-Grid Composition
The isolated micro-grid system can be composed of a variety of energy sources such as the Photovoltaic generator, the wind system, a methanation system, possibly even a hydraulic generator in such farm places. All these energy sources must be connected to serve the load part and when there is excessive production of electrical energy, an electrical storage system must appear.
  • 972
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy System for Fast Charging Stations
The transportation sector is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained popularity as a solution to reduce emissions, but the high load of charging stations poses a challenge to the power grid. Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems (N-RHES) present a promising alternative to support fast charging stations, reduce grid dependency, and decrease emissions. However, the intermittent problem of renewable energy sources (RESs) limits their application, and the synergies among different technologies have not been fully exploited. The researchers propose a predictive and adaptive control strategy to optimize the energy management of N-RHES for fast charging stations, considering the integration of nuclear, photovoltaics, and wind turbine energy with a hydrogen storage fuel cell system. The proposed dynamic model of a fast-charging station predicts electricity consumption behavior during charging processes, generating probabilistic forecasting of electricity consumption time-series profiling. Key performance indicators and sensitivity analyses illustrate the practicability of the suggested system, which offers a comprehensive solution to provide reliable, sustainable, and low-emission energy to fast-charging stations while reducing emissions and dependency on the power grid.
  • 972
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Implementation of Optimization Algorithms in Microgrids
When solving optimization problems in microgrids (optimal power flow, scheduling, and planning) various metaheuristic methods are applied. Their application yields good results when solving multi-criteria problems peculiar to microgrids with a predominance of intermittent renewable electricity generation as well as variable and uncertain electricity consumption. To evaluate microgrid performance, one should use economic criteria and apply methods based on artificial intelligence. In the absence of convergence, it proves efficient to use combinations of two or more algorithms that form a hybrid optimization algorithm.
  • 971
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Computing in Human–Robot Collaboration
Human–robot collaboration has emerged as a prominent research topic. To enhance collaboration and ensure safety between humans and robots, researchers employ a variety of methods. One such method is physiological computing, which aims to estimate a human’s psycho-physiological state by measuring various physiological signals such as galvanic skin response (GSR), electrocardiograph (ECG), heart rate variability (HRV), and electroencephalogram (EEG). This information is then used to provide feedback to the robot.
  • 967
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
CuInSe2-Based Near-Infrared Photodetector
Near-infrared (NIR) photodetectors have interesting roles in optical fiber communications and biomedical applications. Conventional NIR photodetectors have been realized using InGaAs and Ge, of which the cut-off wavelengths exceed 1500 nm. Si-based photodetectors exhibit limited external quantum efficiency at wavelengths longer than 1000 nm.
  • 966
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Development of Control Techniques for AC Microgrids
In distribution networks, the inclusion of multiple distributed generators (DGs) requires the development of control strategies to manage power flows within the microgrids (MG) or between the MG and the traditional grid. The hierarchical approach with three levels (primary, secondary, tertiary) and different control strategies (decentralized, centralized, distributed) has proven to be very efficient in achieving the set objectives. The primary control ensures reliable and safe operation while maintaining voltage and frequency stability. This control is mostly decentralized, functional only in islanded mode, and implemented using droop control. The secondary control is applied to optimize the quality of MG energy while minimizing voltage and frequency deviations. It is used in centralized and distributed approaches, with applications in autonomous mode, although voltage regulation is a task that responds to a local phenomenon, and it could also be a function to be performed in grid-connected mode. The tertiary control is used to achieve economic optimization based on energy costs and the electricity market. By using information, it can be used with centralized or distributed strategies. This control is the only one that performs tasks in both modes of MG operation.w
  • 965
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle in Energy-V2G, V2H, V2V
Electric vehicles (EVs) are inducing revolutionary developments to the transportation and power sectors. Their innumerable benefits are forcing nations to adopt this sustainable mode of transport. Governments are framing and implementing various green energy policies. Nonetheless, there exist several critical challenges and concerns to be resolved in order to reap the complete benefits of E-mobility. The impacts of unplanned EV charging are a major concern. Accurate EV load forecasting followed by an efficient charge scheduling system could, to a large extent, solve this problem. This entry focuses on short-term EV demand forecasting using three learning frameworks, which were applied to real-time adaptive charging network (ACN) data, and performance was analyzed. Auto-regressive (AR) forecasting, support vector regression (SVR), and long short-term memory (LSTM) frameworks demonstrated good performance in EV charging demand forecasting. Among these, LSTM showed the best performance with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4 kW and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 5.9 kW.
  • 965
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Aerodynamic Power Extraction of Large-Scale Wind Turbine Systems
As the impacts of environmental change become more severe, reliable and sustainable power generation and efficient aerodynamic power collection of onshore and offshore wind turbine systems present some of the associated key issues to address. 
  • 964
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Conservation Voltage Reduction in Modern Power Systems
Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is a potentially effective and efficient technique for inertia synthesis and frequency support in modern grids comprising power electronics (PE)-based components, aiming to improve dynamic stability. In conventional power systems with synchronous generators, CVR utilization strategies aiming to conserve energy are split into two broad categories namely, open-loop and closed-loop techniques. Electromechanical voltage regulating devices, such as on-load tap changers (OLTCs), line drop compensators, and capacitor banks, are used to utilize CVR through open-loop procedures without measuring the voltage as a feedback signal. 
  • 963
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Attribute-Based Access Control in Smart Home IoT Environments
Technological advancements have allowed for the integration of the internet of things (IoT) with home and residential buildings, presenting an advanced method of increasing the usability, security, and quality of life of the user. This is called a smart home network, which is a home equipped with various devices, such as lighting, heating, and monitoring systems that smartphones or computers on the network can control.
  • 963
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Charging Electric Vehicles Today and in the Future
It is expected that more vehicles will be electrified in the coming years. This will require reliable access to charging infrastructure in society, and the charging will include data exchange between different actors. This suggests a variety of future charging strategies, charging patterns, system types, and charging infrastructures to match the specific vehicle- and user requirements. The electricity available for EV charging locally can be generated to the grid from fossil fuels, nuclear power, or renewable energy sources (RES), such as hydropower. 
  • 962
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Battery Cells
Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. 
  • 959
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
EV-Connected DC Microgrid
EV-Connected DC Microgrids (DCMGs) have been preferred due to their lack of frequency stability issues, current harmonics, phase imbalances, and reactive power. In addition, since the process of integrating DG sources into a DCMG system is more straightforward in comparison to ACMGs, DCMGs are constructed more effectively. As a result, recent research interest in MGs has been primarily focused on the DCMG system.
  • 959
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Li-Ion Batteries and Sodium-Ion Batteries
Batteries are the backbones of the sustainable energy transition for stationary off-grid, portable electronic devices, and plug-in electric vehicle applications. Both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), most commonly rely on carbon-based anode materials and are usually derived from non-renewable sources such as fossil deposits.
  • 959
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Smart Grid Control Systems
The development of control techniques in smart grids has its origins mainly in the need to mitigate network failures and changes in power quality. The foregoing is due to economic concerns and the environmental impacts of energy issues in terms of sustainable development. Smart Grids have also contributed to the development and integration of renewable energies into the distributed system since this type of generation source presents intermittent output. These intermittency characteristics of renewable sources and the stochastic behavior of demand make these networks complex systems with types of non-linear control that must be robustly modeled, analyzed, tested, and implemented when considering their operation, safety, reliability, and maintenance.
  • 958
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Data-Driven Methods in Power Grids
Applications of data-driven methods in power grids are motivated by the need to predict and mitigate intermittency in a (future) grid that is expected to lean heavily on renewables.
  • 955
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Single-Phase Fault Tolerant Multilevel Inverters Topologies
Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are used in a variety of industrial applications in high- and medium-voltage systems. The modularity, high-power output from medium voltages, and low harmonic content are some of the advantages of MLIs. The reliability of MLIs is quite important. The reliability is affected by different kinds of faults occurring in the MLIs. In MLI circuits, switching devices are the most vulnerable components and have a major involvement in all types of faults. As an outcome, it is necessary to take proper corrective action in the event of a fault.
  • 955
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Flexible Sensors for Blood Pressure Monitoring
Flexible sensors have been extensively employed in wearable technologies for physiological monitoring given the technological advancement in recent years. Conventional sensors made of silicon or glass substrates may be limited by their rigid structures, bulkiness, and incapability for continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure (BP). Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received considerable attention in fabrication of flexible sensors due to their large surface area-to-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and lightweight.
  • 954
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metamaterial-Based Absorptive Structures
Metamaterials are artificially-engineered synthetic materials having periodic arrangements of sub-wavelength metallic/dielectric structures or resonators. Metamaterials have demanded a lot of recognition, due to their exotic and unique attributes such as negative-refraction, microwave cloaking, absorption of the inverse Doppler effect, etc. After the investigation of the first ‘perfect meta-absorber’ proposed in 2008, metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) have drawn significant interest from the microwave and optics community. These MMAs have multifarious features compared with the conventional Salisbury absorbers, such as a low-profile and light weight. Moreover, they are thinner, more compact, and more efficient than conventional absorbers. They have many applications for wireless communication and other optical systems, including MIMO antenna isolation, EM interference reduction, stealth technology, and solar photovoltaics.
  • 952
  • 16 Nov 2022
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