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Topic Review
Epitranscriptomics to Improve ICB-Efficacy by Targeting CISH
Epitranscriptomics has contributed greatly to the clinico-biological practices due to its diverse role in regulating at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. Epitranscriptomics is generally referred to chemical modifications in the RNA molecule without changing the nucleotide sequence. So far, more than 160 chemical modifications have been identified; playing a crucial role in regulating various biological processes, for example, in acute myeloid leukemia treatment, lung adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer and broad range tumor types.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Bile Acids in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of diseases, the onset and progression of which are due to chronic alcohol use. ALD ranges, by increasing severity, from hepatic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), and in some cases, can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ALD continues to be a significant health burden and is now the main cause of liver transplantations in the United States. ALD leads to biological, microbial, physical, metabolic, and inflammatory changes in patients that vary depending on disease severity. ALD deaths have been increasing in recent years and are projected to continue to increase. Current treatment centers focus on abstinence and symptom management, with little in the way of resolving disease progression. Due to the metabolic disruption and gut dysbiosis in ALD, bile acid (BA) signaling and metabolism are also notably affected and play a prominent role in disease progression in ALD, as well as other liver disease states, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Gene Therapy
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted by most types of cells as natural vehicles to transfer molecular information between cells. Due to their low toxicity and high biocompatibility, EVs have attracted increasing attention as drug delivery systems. Researchers summarize the techniques and methods to increase EV yield, enhance nucleic acid loading efficiency, extend circulation time, and improve targeted delivery. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Cancer Stem Cells
Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE), a major mechanism for Ca2+influx from the extracellular medium into excitable and non-excitable cells, is physiologically triggered by the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and the production of IP3, which subsequently leads to the release of Ca2+from intracellular stores, mainly the ER, resulting in the activation of store-operated calcium channels in the plasma membrane and a rapid increase in cytosolic Ca2+concentration. SOCE is an extremely complex biological mechanism, with high dependency on the pattern of expression of its components-STIMs, Orai, and TRPC proteins- and its modulators in each cell type. Since the last decades of the 20th century, several studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have reported that an altered expression pattern of the proteins that mediate SOCE leads to unbalanced Ca2+homeostasis, which might contribute to tumor development, poor prognosis, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Potential Role of Methylglyoxal in Ageing
Advances in molecular biology technology have piqued tremendous interest in glycometabolism and bioenergetics in homeostasis and neural development linked to ageing and age-related diseases. Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a by-product of glycolysis, and it can covalently modify proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, leading to cell growth inhibition and, eventually, cell death. MGO can alter intracellular calcium homeostasis, which is a major cell-permeant precursor to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). As side-products or signalling molecules, MGO is involved in several pathologies, including ageing.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
BRCA1 in Centrosome Regulation
Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) is a tumor suppressor associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and forms a heterodimer with BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1). Centrosomes are the major microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells and are critical for the formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle. BRCA1 and BARD1 localize to the centrosome during the cell cycle, and the BRCA1/BARD1 dimer ubiquitinates centrosomal proteins to regulate centrosome function.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Microglia Heterogeneity and Function
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that have distinct ontogeny and transcriptomic signatures than other tissue macrophages. Microglia play a pivotal role in the CNS homeostasis and diseases. Microglia express a battery of receptors for environmental cues and rapidly react to the changes in their microenvironment. This plasticity is attributed to the ability of microglia to adapt a context-specific phenotype. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
FGF Signaling in Vertebrate Embryos
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) comprise a large family of growth factors, regulating diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Each FGF binds to a set of FGF receptors to initiate certain intracellular signaling molecules. Accumulated evidence suggests that in early development and adult state of vertebrates, FGFs also play exclusive and context dependent roles.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
LRRK2 and Lipid Pathways
Genetic alterations in the LRRK2 gene, encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, are a common risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. How LRRK2 alterations lead to cell pathology is an area of ongoing investigation, multiple lines of evidence suggest a role for LRRK2 in lipid pathways. It is increasingly recognized that in addition to being energy reservoirs and structural entities, some lipids, including neural lipids, participate in signaling cascades. Early investigations revealed that LRRK2 localized to membranous and vesicular structures, suggesting an interaction of LRRK2 and lipids or lipid-associated proteins. LRRK2 substrates from the Rab GTPase family play a critical role in vesicle trafficking, lipid metabolism and lipid storage, all processes which rely on lipid dynamics. In addition, LRRK2 is associated with the phosphorylation and activity of enzymes that catabolize plasma membrane and lysosomal lipids. Furthermore, LRRK2 knockout studies have revealed that blood, brain and urine exhibit lipid level changes, including alterations to sterols, sphingolipids and phospholipids, respectively. In human LRRK2 mutation carriers, changes to sterols, sphingolipids, phospholipids, fatty acyls and glycerolipids are reported in multiple tissues.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism Disorders and COPD
Exacerbations largely determine the character of the progression and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exacerbations are connected with changes in the microbiological landscape in the bronchi due to a violation of their immune homeostasis. Many metabolic and immune processes involved in COPD progression are associated with bacterial colonization of the bronchi. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Microalgae in Therapeutic Glycoproteins against SARS-CoV-2 Variants
SARS-CoV-2 mainly targets the respiratory tract, resulting in rapid and severe respiratory symptoms and lung failure, as well as some clinical symptoms such as fever, dry cough, fatigue, and dyspnea. In addition, studies reported gastrointestinal disturbances such as loss of appetite followed by diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain in the infected patients. Indeed, SARS-CoV-2 can also acutely replicate in the mucosa of the patient’s small intestine and excrete its RNA into the patient’s stool. In addition to these manifestations, many patients have exhibited a variety of symptoms (e.g., olfactory and gustatory disturbances, anosmia, headache, dysgeusia, confusion, and fatigue), which could be attributed to cranial nerve involvement. SARS-CoV-2, as with other coronaviruses, may initially invade peripheral-nerve endings and then progress regularly to the central nervous system via synaptic-connected junctions. Microalgae are eukaryotic, microscopic, and photosynthetic lower organisms that have recently been considered a more promising platform for the production of various biologics, especially complex glycosylated proteins.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) in Cancer
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) transcribed in enhancer regions. They play an important role in transcriptional regulation, mainly during cellular differentiation. eRNAs are tightly tissue- and cell-type specific and are induced by specific stimuli, activating promoters of target genes in turn. eRNAs usually have a very short half-life but in some cases, once activated, they can be stably expressed and acquire additional functions. Due to their critical role, eRNAs are often dysregulated in cancer and growing number of interactions with chromatin modifiers, transcription factors, and splicing machinery have been described.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.
Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) perform critical cellular tasks by nucleating, stabilizing, and anchoring microtubule’s minus ends. These capacities impact tremendously a wide array of cellular functions ranging from ascribing cell shape to orchestrating cell division and generating motile structures, among others. The phylum Apicomplexa comprises over 6000 single-celled obligate intracellular parasitic species.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Cell Membrane Damage and Repair
Endothelial cells are the crucial inner lining of blood vessels, which are pivotal in vascular homeostasis and integrity. However, these cells are perpetually subjected to a myriad of mechanical, chemical, and biological stresses that can compromise their plasma membranes. A sophisticated repair system involving key molecules, such as calcium, annexins, dysferlin, and MG53, is essential for maintaining endothelial viability. These components orchestrate complex mechanisms, including exocytosis and endocytosis, to repair membrane disruptions.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Gallic Acid Activates KDM2A
KDM2A is a member of one group of α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. KDM2A in the rDNA promoter is activated by nutrient starvation, to reduce rRNA transcription and cell proliferation. While gallic acid functions as an antioxidant, gallic acid autoxidation also produces significant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gallic acid activates KDM2A to reduce rRNA transcription and cell proliferation in breast cancer MCF-7 cells but not in non-tumorous MCS10A cells. The activation of KDM2A by gallic acid depends on ROS production and AMPK activation.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in COVID-19
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells present in virtually all tissues; they have a potent self-renewal capacity and can differentiate into multiple cell types. They also affect the ambient tissue by the paracrine secretion of numerous factors in vivo, including the induction of other stem cells’ differentiation. In vitro, the culture media supernatant is named secretome and contains soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles that retain potent biological function in tissue regeneration.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Chronic Heart Failure
Autophagy is a conserved cell quality control system, and increasing evidence suggests that it plays an important role in numerous and different biological processes, such as starvation, aging, inflammation, and organ remodeling, by maintaining cellular homeostasis.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Human In Vitro Stem Cell-Derived Models of Epilepsy
The challenges in making animal models of complex human epilepsy phenotypes with varied aetiology highlights the need to develop alternative disease models that can address the limitations of animal models by effectively recapitulating human pathophysiology. The advances in stem cell technology provide an opportunity to use human iPSCs to make disease-in-a-dish models.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Modulation of Bacteriophages
The role and function of bacteriophages (phages) has been underestimated so far. Natural compounds such as essential oils and tea have been used successfully in naturopathy and folk medicine for hundreds of years. Current research is unveiling the molecular role of their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The current interdisciplinary review summarizes current knowledge on dietary compounds as to their capacity to modulate the activity of phages, thus potentially contributing to (the modulation of) several gastrointestinal diseases, such as (chronic) inflammation, and even cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling Triggers Macropinocytosis
Membrane trafficking, including endocytosis and exocytosis, is very important in the interaction between cells and their environment. Endocytosis mediates the degradation of receptors, hence downregulating signaling pathways. The Wnt pathway is essential for cellular functions, such as cell fate determination, cell migration, cell polarity, neural patterning and organogenesis during embryonic development, including axis formation. Macropinocytosis is the large nonselective uptake of molecules such as nutrients and other macromolecules in the cellular environment.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 May 2022
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