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Topic Review
Risk of Adverse Drug Reactions in Elderly Population
The European Medicine Agency (EMA) has defined Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) as “a noxious and unintended response to a medicine”, not including poisoning, accidental, or intentional overdoses. The ADR occurrence differs based on the approach adopted for defining and detecting them, the characteristics of the population under study, and the research setting. ADRs have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality, particularly among older adults, and represent a financial burden for health services.
  • 989
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Heart Sounds Classification
The automated classification of heart sounds plays a significant role in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). 
  • 988
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Prospects of Cepharanthine
Cepharanthine is an active ingredient separated and extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, a Menispermaceae plant. As a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, cepharanthine has various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumoral, and antiviral effects. Following the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cepharanthine has been found to have excellent anti-COVID-19 activity.
  • 987
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Trientine in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Trientine, a copper-chelating drug used in the management of patients with Wilson’s disease, demonstrates beneficial effects in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  • 986
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Encapsulation of Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines involved in the immune response that act on innate and adaptive immunity. These proteins are natural cell-signaling glycoproteins expressed in response to viral infections, tumors, and biological inducers and constitute the first line of defense of vertebrates against infectious agents. They have been used in different presentations for several therapy applications. However, their administration has presented difficulties due to the molecules’ size, sensitivity to degradation, and rapid elimination from the bloodstream. An alternative to overcome these drawbacks is to formulate drug delivery systems to provide adequate therapeutic concentrations for these cytokines, decrease their toxicity and prolong their half-life in the circulation. 
  • 983
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles/Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Acne VulgarisTreatment
Acne vulgaris (acne) is one of the most common dermatological problems affecting adolescents and young adults. Although acne may not lead to serious medical complications, its psychosocial effects are tremendous and scientifically proven. The first-line treatment for acne is topical medications composed of synthetic compounds, which usually cause skin irritation, dryness and itch. Therefore, naturally occurring constituents from plants (phytochemicals), which are generally regarded as safe, have received much attention as an alternative source of treatment. However, the degradation of phytochemicals under high temperature, light and oxygen, and their poor penetration across the skin barrier limit their application in dermatology. Encapsulation in lipid nanoparticles is one of the strategies commonly used to deliver drugs and phytochemicals because it allows appropriate concentrations of these substances to be delivered to the site of action with minimal side effects. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are promising delivery systems developed from the combination of lipid and emulsifier. They have numerous advantages that include biocompatibility and biodegradability of lipid materials, enhancement of drug solubility and stability, ease of modulation of drug release, ease of scale-up, feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and occlusive moisturization, which make them very attractive carriers for delivery of bioactive compounds for treating skin ailments such as acne.
  • 983
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Antimicrobial Resistance
The resistance of microorganisms has appeared since the first antimicrobial was used. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to resist the action of an antimicrobial agent.
  • 981
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Asthma and Obesity
Asthma is a common chronic airway disease characterized by variable airflow limitation resulting from the combination of airway narrowing, airway hypersensitivity, airway wall thickening, and increased mucus hypersecretion. Airway narrowing results from both chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with several distinct clinical presentations (phenotypes) and complex pathophysiological mechanisms (endotypes). Obesity is the consequence of an excessive body fat accumulation due to an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. Diagnosis of obesity is usually established by assessing the body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2.
  • 980
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most used drugs in knee OA (osteoarthritis) treatment. Despite their efficiency in pain and inflammation alleviation, NSAIDs accumulate in the environment as chemical pollutants and have numerous genetic, morphologic, and functional negative effects on plants and animals. Ultrasound (US) therapy can improve pain, inflammation, and function in knee OA, without impact on environment, and with supplementary metabolic beneficial effects on cartilage compared to NSAIDs. These features recommend US therapy as alternative for NSAIDs use in knee OA treatment. 
  • 980
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Aflatoxins in Dogs Fed
The Aflatoxins (AF) are difuranocoumarin compounds produced as secondary metabolites of fungi of the genus Aspergillus spp. following a polyketide path.
  • 979
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Ethnomedicinal Plant Sonapatha: Oroxylum indicum
Oroxylum indicum, Sonapatha is traditionally used to treat asthma, biliousness, bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery, fevers, vomiting, inflammation, leukoderma, skin diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, wound injury, and deworm intestine. 
  • 979
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Exosomes are small bilipid layer enclosed extracellular vesicles, which were once considered as a cellular waste and functionless. These nano-vesicles of 30–150 nm in diameter carry specific proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs, and high amounts of non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs). As the exosomes content is known to vary as per their originating and recipient cells, these vesicles can be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for early disease detection. 
  • 978
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides-Silver Nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus
Antibiotics are regarded as a miracle in the medical field as it prevents disease caused by pathogenic bacteria. Since the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have become the foundation for modern medical discoveries. However, bacteria soon became resistant to antibiotics, which puts a burden on the healthcare system. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most prominent antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the world since 1961. MRSA primarily developed resistance to beta-lactamases antibiotics and can be easily spread in the healthcare system. Thus, alternatives to combat MRSA are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an innate host immune agent and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are gaining interest as alternative treatments against MRSA. Both agents have broad-spectrum properties which are suitable candidates for controlling MRSA. Although both agents can exhibit antimicrobial effects independently, the combination of both can be synergistic and complementary to each other to exhibit stronger antimicrobial activity. The combination of AMPs and AgNPs also reduces their own weaknesses as their own, which can be developed as a potential agent to combat antibiotic resistance especially towards MRSA. 
  • 975
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
New Therapeutic Approaches in Treatment of Dyslipidaemia
Dyslipidaemia is a well-known risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Traditional statin therapy remains the cornerstone therapeutic approach. Ezetimibe showed good but limited results when used in combination with statins. Bempedoic acid has been thoroughly studied in multiple clinical trials, with a reduction in LDL cholesterol by approximately 15%. The first approved monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of dyslipidaemia, PCSK9 inhibitors, are currently used as second-line treatment for patients with unregulated lipid levels on statin or statin combination therapy. A new siRNA molecule, inclisiran, demonstrates great potential, particularly concerning compliance, as it is administered twice yearly and pelacarsen, an antisense oligonucleotide that targets lipoprotein(a) and lowers its levels. Volanesorsen is the first drug that was designed to target chylomicrons and lower triglyceride levels, and olezarsen, the next in-line chylomicron lowering agent, is currently being researched. The newest possibilities for the treatment of dyslipidaemia are ANGPTL3 inhibitors with evinacumab, already approved by the FDA, and EMA for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. 
  • 973
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Osteoarthritis In Vitro Models
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex multi-target disease with an unmet medical need for the development of therapies that slow and potentially revert disease progression. Intra-articular (IA) delivery has seen a surge in osteoarthritis research in recent years. As local administration of molecules, this represents a way to circumvent systemic drug delivery struggles. When developing intra-articular formulations, the main goals are a sustained and controlled release of therapeutic drug doses, taking into account carrier choice, drug molecule, and articular joint tissue target. Therefore, the selection of models is critical when developing local administration formulation in terms of accurate outcome assessment, target and off-target effects and relevant translation to in vivo.
  • 972
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Hepatic CYP2E1 in Causal Toxicity and Treatment Options
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), one of the major metabolizing enzymes in humans, is mainly expressed in the liver. Alcohol and several therapeutic drugs, including acetaminophen, are metabolized by CYP2E1 into toxic compounds. At low levels, these compounds are not detrimental, but higher sustained levels of these compounds can lead to life-long problems such as cytotoxicity, organ damage, and cancer. Furthermore, CYP2E1 can facilitate or enhance the effects of alcohol-drug and drug-drug interactions.
  • 972
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cyanobacterial Chemistry
Several cyanobacterial-derived compounds have been identified with noteworthy inhibitory activity against bacterial, fungal and protozoal growth, as well as viral replication. In addition to the potent cyanotoxins, cyanobacteria also produce a wealth of interesting compounds with therapeutic potential. Perhaps because of the well-established cytotoxicity of some cyanobacterial compounds, the greatest emphasis on cyanobacterial drug research to date has focused on compounds with anticancer activity. However, with the diversity of cyanobacterial compounds already identified, other therapeutic properties should not be neglected. In particular, cyanobacteria contain a wealth of peptides and lipopeptides (both linear and cyclic), as well as lectins, terpenoids and polyphenolic compounds.
  • 971
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Non-Viral Gene Delivery Systems
Non-viral materials, such as polymers and lipids, have been developed to create ‘synthetic artificial viruses’ for the delivery of genes into cells in vitro and in vivo. Owing to their limitations in overcoming extra- and intracellular obstacles, these synthetic materials can exhibit poor delivery efficiency relative to viral vectors. However, considering their biocompatibility, high loading capacity, facile fabrication, and potential large-scale production, non-viral vectors have shown great progress in the delivery of gene cargos, especially small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules.
  • 971
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
PTP1B Inhibitors
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) negatively regulates insulin signaling pathways and plays an important role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as its overexpression may induce insulin resistance.
  • 970
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Psychiatric Disorders
The importance of the gut–brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions, including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Increased Enterobacteriaceae family were potentially associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia; thus, keeping these types of bacteria in balance will help alleviate the adverse effects of other pathogenic bacteria that might cause several diseases. According to the growing body of research, the gut microbiota is becoming crucial in psychiatric disorders. 
  • 970
  • 24 May 2023
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