Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Conventional Anti-Inflammatory Drugs of Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by symptoms such as depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite and sleep dysfunctions, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, thinking or concentration problems and suicidal ideation. Its impact on health can be dramatic, as it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and obesity, and suicide is one of the leading causes of death, especially in the 15–29 age group. Moreover, treatment-resistant depression is an important challenge in clinical practice since 10–30% of patients are refractory to several standard antidepressant medications and have a decreased quality of life.
  • 802
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Brain Research
Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a label-free method that provides a molecular signature of any type of biological sample, including tissue, live or fixed cells and biofluids for disease diagnosis. RS allows a sample’s biochemical structure to be fingerprinted by analyzing the molecular bond vibrations of its biocomponents and has been employed to detect subtle biomolecular changes, enabling comparisons between a variety of tissues and biofluids. 
  • 801
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Clinical Pediatric Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and are associated with high mortality. The most common childhood brain tumors are grouped as low-grade gliomas (LGG), high grade gliomas (HGG), ependymomas, and embryonal tumors, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • 800
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Application of Pupillometry in Neurocritical Patients
Pupillary light reflex (PLR) assessment is a crucial examination for evaluating brainstem function, particularly in patients with acute brain injury and neurosurgical conditions. The PLR is controlled by neural pathways modulated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Altered PLR is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes after traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. However, the assessment of PLR needs to take many factors into account since it can be modulated by various medications, alcohol consumption, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of devices capable of measuring pupil size and assessing PLR quantitatively has revolutionized the non-invasive neurological examination. Automated pupillometry, which is more accurate and precise, is widely used in diverse clinical situations. 
  • 800
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency and Psychiatric Pathology
Vitamin D functions have been studied progressively, and along with their main role in regulating calcium homeostasis, the potential function in the nervous system and the link between different psychiatric disorders and vitamin D deficiency have been revealed. The discovery of vitamin D receptors in multiple brain structures, like the hippocampus, led to the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency could be responsible for treatment resistance in psychiatric diseases. 
  • 800
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
A Simple ANN for Sleep-Waking Recognition
Artificial neural network (ANNs) is a machine learning approach that has rapidly gained popularity due to its ability to quickly and effectively solve complex problems. Sleep monitoring is often required for patients who are suffering from diseases or who are undergoing treatment. Recently, in a paper described a new method for the automatic recognition of behavioral sleep and waking states in freely moving rats. This is a simple ANN, in which the mean values and standard deviations of electrocorticograms. ANN was trained to recognize sleep and waking states with the accuracy of 80%. 
  • 799
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Group I mGluRs in Parkinson’s Disease
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs; members of class C G-protein-coupled receptors) have been shown to modulate excitatory neurotransmission, regulate presynaptic extracellular glutamate levels, and modulate postsynaptic ion channels on dendritic spines. mGluRs were found to activate myriad signalling pathways to regulate synapse formation, long-term potentiation, autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, and pro-inflammatory cytokines release. A notorious expression pattern of mGluRs has been evident in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and schizophrenia. Among the several mGluRs, mGluR5 is one of the most investigated types of considered prospective therapeutic targets and potential diagnostic tools in neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • 796
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Mechanism of Cognitive Impairment in Obese Persons
Cognition is a global concept encompassing various processes virtually scattered over the whole brain. Obesity itself can be viewed as a consequence of impaired energetic feedback loops or as a higher disorder of impaired reward—behavior control mechanisms. However, the adipose tissue—brain relation is much more than a simple direct bilateral communication involving virtually all metabolically active organs and a plethora of messengers.
  • 796
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Brain Tumors with Focused Ultrasound
Focused ultrasound is a novel technique for the treatment of aggressive brain tumors that uses both mechanical and thermal mechanisms. This non-invasive technique can allow for both the thermal ablation of inoperable tumors and the delivery of chemotherapy and immunotherapy while minimizing the risk of infection and shortening the time to recovery. With recent advances, focused ultrasound has been increasingly effective for larger tumors without the need for a craniotomy and can be used with minimal surrounding soft tissue damage. Treatment efficacy is dependent on multiple variables, including blood–brain barrier permeability, patient anatomical features, and tumor-specific features. 
  • 795
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Candidate Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD; progressive neurodegenerative disorder) is associated with cognitive and functional impairment with accompanying neuropsychiatric symptoms. The available pharmacological treatment is of a symptomatic nature and, as such, it does not modify the cause of AD. The currently used drugs to enhance cognition include an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist (memantine) and cholinesterase inhibitors. The PUBMED, Medical Subject Heading and Clinical Trials databases were used for searching relevant data. Novel treatments are focused on already approved drugs for other conditions and also searching for innovative drugs encompassing investigational compounds.
  • 794
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
L-Lactate Transport in Mitochondria
The L-lactate (L-LAC)-mitochondria affair has its closure: that mitochondria can take up and metabolize L-LAC due to the presence of the mitochondrial L-lactate dehydrogenase is shown.
  • 794
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Water Drinking Behavior Associated with Aversive Arousal
Cholinergic muscarinic stimulation of vast areas of the limbic brain induced a well-documented polydipsia in laboratory rats. This excessive water-drinking behavior has not received any convincing biological and physiological interpretation. The ascending cholinergic system originates from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, has a diffuse nature, and affects numerous subcortical limbic structures. It is proposed that the carbachol-induced drinking response is related to the state of anxiety and does not serve the regulation of thirst. Instead, the response is anxiety-induced polydipsia that might occur as a soothing procedure that decreases the aversiveness of the negative emotional state induced by carbachol. It is concluded that carbachol-induced water-drinking behavior is a rewarding process that contributes to alleviating the feeling of anxiety by bringing some relief from the cholinergically induced aversive state, and it is a homologue to anxiety-driven polydipsia in humans.
  • 794
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Direct Current Stimulation in Cell Culture&Brain Slices
Non-invasive direct current stimulation (DCS) of the human brain induces neuronal plasticity and alters plasticity-related cognition and behavior and in vitro and ex vivo approaches can help to understand the underlying mechanism in more details. In the clinical domain, tDCS emerged as a valuable non-invasive brain stimulation tool to ameliorate symptoms in diseases accompanied by pathological alterations of cortical activity and plasticity such as depression, schizophrenia, pain syndromes, epilepsy, and in rehabilitation, amongst others. Although various mechanistic studies are available in humans and also in animal models, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the neuromodulatory effects of tDCS are yet not fully understood. Therefore, gathering more direct evidence using sophisticated neurobiological techniques such as cell-based assays (in vitro), brain slices (ex vivo), or in vivo animal models are required to supplement existing knowledge.
  • 793
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Immunity, Ion Channels and Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder in modern society. One of the major unmet challenges is that current antiseizure medications are basically not disease-modifying. Among the multifaceted etiologies of epilepsy, the role of the immune system has attracted considerable attention in recent years. It is known that both innate and adaptive immunity can be activated in response to insults to the central nervous system, leading to seizures. Moreover, the interaction between ion channels, which have a well-established role in epileptogenesis and epilepsy, and the immune system is complex and is being actively investigated.
  • 793
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Coumarin Derivates Acting via GPR55 in Neuroinflammation
Anti-neuroinflammatory treatment has gained importance in the search for pharmacological treatments of different neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical studies demonstrate a reduction of the mentioned diseases’ symptoms after administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. Coumarin derivates have been shown to elicit anti-neuroinflammatory effects via G-protein coupled receptor (GPR)55, with possibly reduced side-effects compared to the known anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • 792
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Therapy
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are rare neurologic autoimmune diseases that have a poor prognosis if left untreated. For many years, generic oral immunosuppressants and repurposed monoclonal antibodies that target the interleukin-6 pathway or B cells were the mainstays of drug treatment. Recently, these drug treatments have been complemented by new biologics developed and approved specifically for NMOSD. In principle, all of these drugs are effective, but treatment recommendations that take this into account are still pending. Instead, the choice of a drug may depend on other criteria such as drug safety or tolerability.
  • 790
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Functions of the Blood–Brain Barrier
Neurons are arranged in distinctive networks and structures. The environment of neuronal cells is tightly regulated, and any harmful elements must be removed. To this end, the brain has protective mechanisms that separate it from the rest of the body. In addition to structures and functional networks, there is another functional unit in the brain called the neurobarrier. The neurobarrier consists of four different barriers, namely the neuronal and glial membrane barrier, the cerebrospinal fluid-ependyma barrier, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and finally the classic blood–brain barrier (BBB). Under physiological conditions, the BBB is impermeable to pathogens.
  • 789
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis
Cognitive rehabilitation (CR) is the most promising approach for treating multiple sclerosis (MS)-related cognitive impairment (CI), despite important methodological shortcomings. CR programs could include techniques designed to improve specific domains of cognitive function such as memory, attention, or executive functions, but they can also include psychotherapy targeting emotional symptoms, behavioral interventions, and interventions targeting psychomotor issues such as motor–cognitive interference. 
  • 788
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Sex is a significant variable in the prevalence and incidence of neurological disorders. Sex differences exist in neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), where sex dimorphisms play important roles in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
  • 785
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Gold Hybrids and Nanocomposites
The magnetic gold nanoparticles (mGNP) are hybrid metallic nanocomposites prepared from magnetic and plasmonic moieties that have attracted much attention over the last few years. Magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles are basically core–shell structures with a bimetallic composition of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), or nickel ferrite as the magnetic, core and gold (Au), platinum, or silver (Ag) as the plasmonic shell. However, magnetic-plasmonic core–shell structures based on magnetite (Fe3O4) or maghemite (ɤ-Fe2O3) core and Au shell offer renowned advantages, where the Au shell is coated over the Fe core in a controlled manner.
  • 785
  • 25 Apr 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 54
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback