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Topic Review
Tumour-Associated Carbohydrates as Cancer Targets
Glycans are essential players involved in the interaction between cells and the microenvironment, making them ideal targets for the development of new therapies against infections and cancer. Since they modulate membrane receptor affinities, immune recognition, protein-protein interactions, and cell signaling, among others, glycans have been shown to play a relevant role in normal and malignant cell behaviour. Therefore, the alteration of the glycophenotype derived from malignant transformation is one of the adaptive mechanisms that provides tumour cells with growth advantages over normal cells, selected in order to circumvent the control mechanisms of the tissue microenvironment and ensure tumour survival.
  • 780
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Natural Compounds as Metabolic Modulators
The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises a heterogenous assemblage of malignant and non-malignant cells, including infiltrating immune cells and other stromal cells, together with extracellular matrix and a variety of soluble factors. This complex and dynamic milieu strongly affects tumor differentiation, progression, immune evasion, and response to therapy, thus being an important therapeutic target. The phenotypic and functional features of the various cell types present in the TME are largely dependent on their ability to adopt different metabolic programs. Hence, modulating the metabolism of the cells in the TME, and their metabolic crosstalk, has emerged as a promising strategy in the context of anticancer therapies. Natural compounds offer an attractive tool in this respect as their multiple biological activities can potentially be harnessed to ‘(re)-educate’ TME cells towards antitumoral roles. 
  • 779
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
ReStem Cell Genome Editing by CRISPR Toolkit
The most widely used genome editing toolkit is CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats). It provides the possibility of replacing and modifying DNA and RNA nucleotides. Furthermore, with advancements in biological technology, inhibition and activation of the transcription of specific gene(s) has become possible. Bioinformatics tools that target the evolution of CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) turn this protein into a vehicle that is specific for a DNA or RNA region with single guide RNA (sgRNA). This toolkit could be used by researchers to investigate the function of stem cell gene(s). 
  • 778
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
S-100 Proteins
S100s are a group of calcium-binding proteins which received this name because of their solubility in a 100% saturated solution of ammonium sulphate at neutral pH. All members of the S100 protein family have a similar molecular mass of 10–12 KDa, and they each share 25–65% similarity in their amino acid sequence.
  • 778
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Carcino-Evo-Devo
The term “carcino-evo-devo” was used for the first time as a name for the theory of the evolutionary role of tumors. The new term was coined from two other terms: “carcinoembryonic” and “evo-devo”.
  • 777
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Asthma
Asthma is a highly heterogeneous disease, but the pathogenesis of asthma is still unclear. It is well known that the airway inflammatory immune response is the pathological basis of asthma. Metabolomics is a systems biology method to analyze the difference of low molecular weight metabolites (<1.5 kDa) and explore the relationship between metabolic small molecules and pathophysiological changes of the organisms. 
  • 776
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Relationship between Vitamin D and Estrogens
Vitamin D has a potential role of regulating many cellular functions. The totality of vitamin D transport depends on the activity of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and albumin in a measure of 85% and 15%, respectively. Vitamin D is found in the free circulating form in percentages ranging from 0.01% to 3%. Both DBP and albumin are synthesized by the liver, and their production is regulated by estrogens, glucocorticoids, and inflammatory cytokines.
  • 774
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mutant p53 and Non-Coding RNA
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs), and extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are new groups of RNAs with regulation activities that have low or no protein-coding ability. Emerging evidence suggests that deregulated expression of these non-coding RNAs is associated with the induction and progression of diverse tumors throughout epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional modifications. A consistent number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been shown to be regulated by p53, the most important tumor suppressor of the cells frequently mutated in human cancer. It has been shown that some mutant p53 proteins are associated with the loss of tumor suppressor activity and the acquisition of new oncogenic functions named gain-of-function activities.
  • 772
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Intracellular Functions of Caveolin-1
Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a protein that exists in many different forms and locations in cells and tissues throughout the body. We can understand more about cell growth, death, and cellular processes by further understanding the structure and function of Cav1. The increasing knowledge of Cav1 and its roles in different organs and disease processes helps delineate its potential use in the development of treatments and therapies.
  • 771
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Gap Junction in the Retina
Gap junctions (GJs) are not static bridges; instead, GJs as well as the molecular building block connexin (Cx) proteins undergo major expression changes in the degenerating retinal tissue. Various progressive diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, age-related retinal degeneration, etc., affect neurons of the retina and thus their neuronal connections endure irreversible changes as well.
  • 770
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Age-Related Changes of Gene Expression
An individual’s gene expression profile changes throughout their life. This change in gene expression is shaped by differences in physiological needs and functions between the younger and older organism. Despite intensive studies, the aging process is not fully understood, and several genes involved in this process may remain to be identified. In this study authors compared the expression profiles of two-day-old female adult Drosophila flies with 45-day-old flies. They identified 1184 genes with pronounced differences in expression level between young and old age groups, including 232 genes with unknown functions. Authors characterized the subcellular localization of twelve of them and discovered that knockdown of some of them affects the lifespan of flies.
  • 769
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Treatment for Diabetes Complications
Diabetes mellitus is a common disease affecting more than 537 million adults worldwide. The microvascular complications that occur during the course of the disease are widespread and affect a variety of organ systems in the body. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common long-term complications, which include, amongst others, endothelial dysfunction, and thus, alterations in the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). This particularly restrictive physiological barrier is important for maintaining the neuroretina as a privileged site in the body by controlling the inflow and outflow of fluid, nutrients, metabolic end products, ions, and proteins. In addition, people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) have been shown to be at increased risk for systemic vascular complications, including subclinical and clinical stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and nephropathy. 
  • 768
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
List of Cyphophthalmi Species
This page lists all described species of the harvestman suborder Cyphophthalmi. Unless otherwise noted, information is taken from Giribet's 2000 taxonomic catalogue and from Giribet et al., 2012.
  • 768
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Prokineticin Receptors
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides that bind their G protein-coupled receptors, Prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), and promote chemotaxis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines following tissue injury or infection. 
  • 767
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Convalescent Plasma Transfusion for COVID‐19
More than one year into the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare systems across the world continue to be overwhelmed with soaring daily cases. The treatment spectrum primarily includes ventilation support augmented with repurposed drugs and/or convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) from recovered COVID-19 patients. CPT is a promising COVID-19 therapeutic option that merits internationally coordinated RCTs to achieve a scientific risk-benefit consensus. 
  • 766
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Treatment Strategies for KRAS-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Activating mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) are highly prevalent in solid tumours and are frequently found in 35% of lung, 45% of colorectal, and up to 90% of pancreatic cancers. Mutated KRAS is a prognostic factor for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in NSCLC and is associated with a more aggressive clinical phenotype, highlighting the need for KRAS-targeted therapy. Once considered undruggable due to its smooth shallow surface, a breakthrough showed that the activated G12C-mutated KRAS isozyme can be directly inhibited via a newly identified switch II pocket. This discovery led to the development of a new class of selective small-molecule inhibitors against the KRAS G12C isoform. Sotorasib and adagrasib are approved in locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients who have received at least one prior systemic therapy. 
  • 766
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Little Raven
The little raven (Corvus mellori) is a species of the family Corvidae that is native to southeastern Australia. An adult individual is about 48–50 cm (19–19.5 in) in length, with completely black plumage, beak, and legs; as with all Australian species of Corvus, the black feathers have a grey base, and the iris of the adult bird is white (typical also of some related species from islands to the north of Australia). Although the little raven was first named by Gregory Mathews in 1912, it was only in 1967 that there was consensus to separate it from the Australian raven (C. coronoides) as a distinct species.
  • 765
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Exosomes
Exosomes are microvesicles that can be secreted by various cells and carry a variety of contents; thus, they play multiple biological functions. For instance, the tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have been proven to have the effect of immunostimulatory in addition to immunosuppression, making TEXs attractive in clinical immunotherapy and targeted therapy for cancer patients. In addition, TEXs as biomarkers have important clinical diagnostic and prognostic value. 
  • 764
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Modal Regulation by Biological Clocks
The circadian clock is a fundamental biological timing mechanism that generates nearly 24 h rhythms of physiology and behaviors, including sleep/wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Evolutionarily, the endogenous clock is thought to confer living organisms, including humans, with survival benefits by adapting internal rhythms to the day and night cycles of the local environment. Mirroring the evolutionary fitness bestowed by the circadian clock, daily mismatches between the internal body clock and environmental cycles, such as irregular work (e.g., night shift work) and life schedules (e.g., jet lag, mistimed eating), have been recognized to increase the risk of cardiac, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Moreover, increasing numbers of studies with cellular and animal models have detected the presence of functional circadian oscillators at multiple levels, ranging from individual neurons and fibroblasts to brain and peripheral organs. These oscillators are tightly coupled to timely modulate cellular and bodily responses to physiological and metabolic cues. 
  • 764
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Animal Models of Acute Inflammation
Acute inflammation is an integral component of the body's innate immune system, responsible for defending against infections and initiating the healing process post-injury. While essential for overall health, uncontrolled or excessive acute inflammation can lead to severe tissue damage and the onset of chronic inflammatory disorders, posing a substantial threat to well-being. The exploration takes us into the realm of preclinical models of acute inflammation, where their characteristics and their indispensable contributions to our understanding of the intricate mechanisms governing inflammation were analyzed. These models provide researchers with controlled environments to replicate and study inflammation, mirroring the complex interplay of inflammatory mediators, cells, and pathways observed in human physiology.
  • 761
  • 08 Sep 2023
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