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Topic Review
Natural Compounds as Metabolic Modulators
The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises a heterogenous assemblage of malignant and non-malignant cells, including infiltrating immune cells and other stromal cells, together with extracellular matrix and a variety of soluble factors. This complex and dynamic milieu strongly affects tumor differentiation, progression, immune evasion, and response to therapy, thus being an important therapeutic target. The phenotypic and functional features of the various cell types present in the TME are largely dependent on their ability to adopt different metabolic programs. Hence, modulating the metabolism of the cells in the TME, and their metabolic crosstalk, has emerged as a promising strategy in the context of anticancer therapies. Natural compounds offer an attractive tool in this respect as their multiple biological activities can potentially be harnessed to ‘(re)-educate’ TME cells towards antitumoral roles. 
  • 789
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Malignant Melanoma Diagnosis and Therapy
Cutaneous Melanoma (CM) is an aggressive and invasive cancer of the skin. Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamentally important for cancer initiation and development. The application of some insights may contribute to further progress in the diagnosis and therapy of melanoma, a deadly type of cancer.
  • 789
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Reproducibility Evaluation of Urinary Peptide Detection Using CE-MS
In recent years, capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has been increasingly applied in clinical research especially in the context of chronic and age-associated diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure and cancer. Biomarkers identified using this technique are already used for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of these complex diseases, as well as patient stratification in clinical trials. CE-MS allows for a comprehensive assessment of small molecular weight proteins and peptides (<20 kDa) through the combination of the high resolution and reproducibility of CE and the distinct sensitivity of MS, in a high-throughput system. In this study we assessed CE-MS analytical performance with regards to its inter- and intra-day reproducibility, variability and efficiency in peptide detection, along with a characterization of the urinary peptidome content. To this end, CE-MS performance was evaluated based on 72 measurements of a standard urine sample (60 for inter- and 12 for intra-day assessment) analyzed during the second quarter of 2021. Analysis was performed per run, per peptide, as well as at the level of biomarker panels. The obtained datasets showed high correlation between the different runs, low variation of the ten highest average individual log2 signal intensities (coefficient of variation, CV < 10%) and very low variation of biomarker panels applied (CV close to 1%). The findings of the study support the analytical performance of CE-MS, underlining its value for clinical application.
  • 787
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Management of Reactive Oxygen Species
Mitochondria in aerobic eukaryotic cells are both the site of energy production and the formation of harmful species, such as radicals and other reactive oxygen species, known as ROS. They contain an efficient antioxidant system, including low-molecular-mass molecules and enzymes that specialize in removing various types of ROS or repairing the oxidative damage of biological molecules. Under normal conditions, ROS production is low, and mitochondria, which are their primary target, are slightly damaged in a similar way to other cellular compartments, since the ROS released by the mitochondria into the cytosol are negligible. As the mitochondrial generation of ROS increases, they can deactivate components of the respiratory chain and enzymes of the Krebs cycle, and mitochondria release a high amount of ROS that damage cellular structures.
  • 786
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Carcino-Evo-Devo
The term “carcino-evo-devo” was used for the first time as a name for the theory of the evolutionary role of tumors. The new term was coined from two other terms: “carcinoembryonic” and “evo-devo”.
  • 786
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
TRPA1 as a Factor in Migraine-Related Intracranial Hypersensitivity
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) has gained more attention in migraine-related research. The involvement of the TRPA1 receptor in migraine headaches is proposed by the fact that TRPA1 may be a target of some migraine-triggering factors. Although it is doubtful that activation of TRPA1 alone is sufficient to induce pain, behavioral studies have demonstrated that TRPA1 is involved in injury- and inflammation-induced hypersensitivity. Here, the functional relevance of TRPA1 in headaches and its therapeutic potential was introduced, mainly focusing on its role in the development of hypersensitivity, referring to its altered expression in pathological conditions, and its functional interaction with other TRP channels.
  • 786
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gap Junction in the Retina
Gap junctions (GJs) are not static bridges; instead, GJs as well as the molecular building block connexin (Cx) proteins undergo major expression changes in the degenerating retinal tissue. Various progressive diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, age-related retinal degeneration, etc., affect neurons of the retina and thus their neuronal connections endure irreversible changes as well.
  • 786
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Viral Hepatitis and HCC Development
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is driven by chronic liver diseases that exhibit several rounds of liver inflammation, necrosis, and regeneration making, HCC a paradigm for inflammation-driven cancer. The role of viral and non-viral inflammation in genetic perturbation and chromosomal aberration predisposing HCC is well-characterized. Instead, the focus of the entry is to summarize the impact of viral hepatitis-mediated immune deregulation on the development and progression of HCC.
  • 785
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathobiology
The features of allergic asthma are believed to be mediated mostly through the Th2 immune response. In this Th2-dominant concept, the airway epithelium is presented as the helpless victim of Th2 cytokines. Asthma researchers started believing in that the airway epithelium played a crucial role, as alarmins, which are the inducers of type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2), are almost exclusively secreted by the airway epithelium. This underscores the eminence of airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis. However, the airway epithelium has a bipartite functionality in sustaining healthy lung homeostasis and asthmatic lungs. On the one hand, the airway epithelium maintains lung homeostasis against environmental irritants/pollutants with the aid of its various armamentaria, including its chemosensory apparatus and detoxification system. Alternatively, it induces an ILC2-mediated type 2 immune response through alarmins to amplify the inflammatory response. However, the available evidence indicates that restoring epithelial health may attenuate asthmatic features.
  • 785
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Asthma
Asthma is a highly heterogeneous disease, but the pathogenesis of asthma is still unclear. It is well known that the airway inflammatory immune response is the pathological basis of asthma. Metabolomics is a systems biology method to analyze the difference of low molecular weight metabolites (<1.5 kDa) and explore the relationship between metabolic small molecules and pathophysiological changes of the organisms. 
  • 785
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mutant p53 and Non-Coding RNA
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs), and extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are new groups of RNAs with regulation activities that have low or no protein-coding ability. Emerging evidence suggests that deregulated expression of these non-coding RNAs is associated with the induction and progression of diverse tumors throughout epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional modifications. A consistent number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been shown to be regulated by p53, the most important tumor suppressor of the cells frequently mutated in human cancer. It has been shown that some mutant p53 proteins are associated with the loss of tumor suppressor activity and the acquisition of new oncogenic functions named gain-of-function activities.
  • 784
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Age-Related Changes of Gene Expression
An individual’s gene expression profile changes throughout their life. This change in gene expression is shaped by differences in physiological needs and functions between the younger and older organism. Despite intensive studies, the aging process is not fully understood, and several genes involved in this process may remain to be identified. In this study authors compared the expression profiles of two-day-old female adult Drosophila flies with 45-day-old flies. They identified 1184 genes with pronounced differences in expression level between young and old age groups, including 232 genes with unknown functions. Authors characterized the subcellular localization of twelve of them and discovered that knockdown of some of them affects the lifespan of flies.
  • 783
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Sepsis
Sepsis is a major global health problem that results from a dysregulated and uncontrolled host response to infection, causing organ failure. Despite effective anti-infective therapy and supportive treatments, the mortality rate of sepsis remains high. Approximately 30–80% of patients with sepsis may develop disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which can double the mortality rate. There is currently no definitive treatment approach for sepsis, with etiologic treatment being the cornerstone of therapy for sepsis-associated DIC. Early detection, diagnosis, and treatment are critical factors that impact the prognosis of sepsis-related DIC.
  • 783
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Intracellular Functions of Caveolin-1
Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a protein that exists in many different forms and locations in cells and tissues throughout the body. We can understand more about cell growth, death, and cellular processes by further understanding the structure and function of Cav1. The increasing knowledge of Cav1 and its roles in different organs and disease processes helps delineate its potential use in the development of treatments and therapies.
  • 783
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
ReStem Cell Genome Editing by CRISPR Toolkit
The most widely used genome editing toolkit is CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats). It provides the possibility of replacing and modifying DNA and RNA nucleotides. Furthermore, with advancements in biological technology, inhibition and activation of the transcription of specific gene(s) has become possible. Bioinformatics tools that target the evolution of CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) turn this protein into a vehicle that is specific for a DNA or RNA region with single guide RNA (sgRNA). This toolkit could be used by researchers to investigate the function of stem cell gene(s). 
  • 782
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Noxious Alien Plant Species Bidens pilosa
Bidens pilosa L., belonging to the Asteraceae family, is an annual (or biennial) herbaceous plant. The species grows 20–180 cm tall, and the stems are quadrangular with hairy straggling branches. It has alternate leaves with 3–5 pinnate leaflets, which are supported by a petiole (10–70 mm long). The leaflets are broadly ovate, serrate, and 30–70 mm long and 12–18 mm wide. Capitula occur at the end of the main stems and lateral branches and expand 5–12 mm in diameter. Capitula consist of 0–8 ray florets and 35–55 disk florets. The corollas of the ray florets are 7–15 mm long and white–yellow. The ray florets have poorly developed pistils and lack stamens. The disk florets have 3–5 mm long yellow corollas, five stamens, and well-developed 2–3 mm long pistils. Its fruits are black liner cypselae with 2–5 stiff awns of 2–4 mm long. The species often forms thick monospecific stands. 
  • 781
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Little Raven
The little raven (Corvus mellori) is a species of the family Corvidae that is native to southeastern Australia. An adult individual is about 48–50 cm (19–19.5 in) in length, with completely black plumage, beak, and legs; as with all Australian species of Corvus, the black feathers have a grey base, and the iris of the adult bird is white (typical also of some related species from islands to the north of Australia). Although the little raven was first named by Gregory Mathews in 1912, it was only in 1967 that there was consensus to separate it from the Australian raven (C. coronoides) as a distinct species.
  • 778
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Treatment for Diabetes Complications
Diabetes mellitus is a common disease affecting more than 537 million adults worldwide. The microvascular complications that occur during the course of the disease are widespread and affect a variety of organ systems in the body. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common long-term complications, which include, amongst others, endothelial dysfunction, and thus, alterations in the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). This particularly restrictive physiological barrier is important for maintaining the neuroretina as a privileged site in the body by controlling the inflow and outflow of fluid, nutrients, metabolic end products, ions, and proteins. In addition, people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) have been shown to be at increased risk for systemic vascular complications, including subclinical and clinical stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and nephropathy. 
  • 775
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Exosomes
Exosomes are microvesicles that can be secreted by various cells and carry a variety of contents; thus, they play multiple biological functions. For instance, the tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have been proven to have the effect of immunostimulatory in addition to immunosuppression, making TEXs attractive in clinical immunotherapy and targeted therapy for cancer patients. In addition, TEXs as biomarkers have important clinical diagnostic and prognostic value. 
  • 775
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Prokineticin Receptors
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides that bind their G protein-coupled receptors, Prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), and promote chemotaxis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines following tissue injury or infection. 
  • 773
  • 18 Feb 2022
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