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Topic Review
Animal Models of Arthritis
This entry explores several animal models utilized in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) research. Streptococcal Cell Wall-Induced Arthritis (SCWIA) closely resembles human RA and reveals insights into the pathogenicity of bacterial cell wall components. Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) replicates RA in clinical and immunological aspects, with a focus on B cell involvement. Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis (CAIA) offers a rapid model for understanding antibody-mediated mechanisms. Proteoglycan-Induced Arthritis (PGIA) in BALB/c mice mimics human RA, providing genetic and immunological insights unique to this model. Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA) mirrors RA's clinical and serological aspects, albeit with variability in disease intensity. Pristane-Induced Arthritis (PIA) highlights the role of environmental triggers in chronic inflammation. Collectively, these models advance our comprehension of RA, facilitating research into its pathogenesis, immune responses, and potential therapies.
  • 754
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
A Challenging Story of Schizophrenia and Glutathione
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental illness with a complex and heterogeneous clinical state. Oxidative stress, and in particular glutathione (GSH) dysregulation, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in SZ pathophysiology. In fact, glutathione is a leading actor of oxidative-stress-mediated damage in SZ and appears to reflect the heterogeneity of the disease.
  • 751
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Hyperuricemia and Gout
Urate is one of the key metabolites of purine metabolism, and the overproduction of urate in the liver or decreased excretion in the kidney in humans may lead to elevated levels of urate in the circulation, termed hyperuricemia (HU). The formation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joint or surrounding tissues may trigger inflammatory responses and gout attacks, which is the most common inflammatory arthritis. In addition to gout, HU has also been associated with many other metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, fatty liver diseases, kidney diseases, hypertension, and various cancers. Overwhelming evidence indicates that HU and gout lead to systematic metabolic alterations underlying these metabolic disorders. As one of the most powerful omics techniques, metabolomics systematically analyzes all small-molecule metabolites in a biological system that directly reflect the physiological and pathological conditions. Metabolomics has been increasingly employed in clinical and experimental research in HU and gout. Emerging studies have developed predictive models to differentiate HU from gout based on metabolomics and machine-learning algorithms.
  • 750
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of Ganoderma lucidum in Cancer
Triterpenoids, such as ganoderic acid, and polysaccharides, including β-D-glucans, α-D-glucans, and α-D-mannans, are the main secondary metabolites of the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum. There is evidence of the effects of ganoderic acid in hematological malignancies, whose mechanisms involve the stimulation of immune response, the macrophage-like differentiation, the activation of MAP-K pathway, an IL3-dependent cytotoxic action, the induction of cytoprotective autophagy, and the induction of apoptosis. In fact, this compound has been tested in twenty-six different human cancer cell types and has shown an anti-proliferative activity, especially in leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma lines. 
  • 749
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Little Raven
The little raven (Corvus mellori) is a species of the family Corvidae that is native to southeastern Australia. An adult individual is about 48–50 cm (19–19.5 in) in length, with completely black plumage, beak, and legs; as with all Australian species of Corvus, the black feathers have a grey base, and the iris of the adult bird is white (typical also of some related species from islands to the north of Australia). Although the little raven was first named by Gregory Mathews in 1912, it was only in 1967 that there was consensus to separate it from the Australian raven (C. coronoides) as a distinct species.
  • 747
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Apoptosis Inhibitor 5 and Cancer
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental process that maintains tissue homeostasis, eliminates damaged or infected cells, and plays a crucial role in various biological phenomena. The deregulation of apoptosis is involved in many human diseases, including cancer. One of the emerging players in the intricate regulatory network of apoptosis is apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5), also called AAC-11 (anti-apoptosis clone 11) or FIF (fibroblast growth factor-2 interacting factor). While it may not have yet the same level of notoriety as some other cancer-associated proteins, API5 has garnered increasing attention in the cancer field, as elevated API5 levels are often associated with aggressive tumor behavior, resistance to therapy, and poor patient prognosis.
  • 747
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Malignant Melanoma Diagnosis and Therapy
Cutaneous Melanoma (CM) is an aggressive and invasive cancer of the skin. Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamentally important for cancer initiation and development. The application of some insights may contribute to further progress in the diagnosis and therapy of melanoma, a deadly type of cancer.
  • 746
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear Protein in Testis
NUT (Nuclear protein in Testis) is a testis-specific factor originally discovered as a chromosomal fusion partner of BRD4 and BRD3, both members of the BET double bromodomain-containing family of proteins, in an aggressive cancer known as NUT Carcinoma (NC).
  • 746
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Dual-Function Protein MEX3A
MEX3A belongs to the MEX3 (Muscle EXcess) protein family consisting of four members (MEX3A-D) in humans. Characteristic for MEX3 proteins is their domain structure with 2 HNRNPK homology (KH) domains mediating RNA binding and a C-terminal really interesting new gene (RING) domain that harbors E3 ligase function. 
  • 745
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Contractual Governance for Dispute Resolution and Construction Sustainability
Disputes may disturb construction projects and stakeholders, and they may cause tremendous losses that hinder the sustainable development of construction. Therefore, contractual governance is significant in construction projects as a crucial method of dispute management. Dispute structures based on owner-centered (OC), owner- and supervisor-decentralized (OSD) and additional independent representatives (AIRs) are often used. Each kind of governance structures (GSs) can be applied in a specified project.
  • 745
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
RANK-RANKL Signaling in Cervical Cancer
RANK ligand (RANKL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor alpha superfamily of cytokines. It is the only known ligand binding to a membrane receptor named receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), thereby triggering recruitment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins and activation of downstream pathways. RANK/RANKL signaling is controlled by a decoy receptor called osteoprotegerin (OPG), but also has additional more complex levels of regulation.
  • 744
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Animal Models of Acute Inflammation
Acute inflammation is an integral component of the body's innate immune system, responsible for defending against infections and initiating the healing process post-injury. While essential for overall health, uncontrolled or excessive acute inflammation can lead to severe tissue damage and the onset of chronic inflammatory disorders, posing a substantial threat to well-being. The exploration takes us into the realm of preclinical models of acute inflammation, where their characteristics and their indispensable contributions to our understanding of the intricate mechanisms governing inflammation were analyzed. These models provide researchers with controlled environments to replicate and study inflammation, mirroring the complex interplay of inflammatory mediators, cells, and pathways observed in human physiology.
  • 744
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Rosmarinus officinalis in Cutaneous Diseases
The rosemary plant, Rosmarinus officinalis L., one of the main members of the Lamiaceae family, is currently one of the most promising herbal medicines due to its pharmaceutical properties. Rosmarinic acid, beyond its anti-infectious, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, has been extensively investigated for its anti-cancer activity on various apparently functionally disconnected molecular targets leading to various types of cancer.
  • 743
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hippocampal Formation and Unique Properties of CA2 Region
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects both motor and non-motor functions. Although motor impairment is a prominent clinical sign of PD, additional neurological symptoms may also occur, particularly in the preclinical and prodromal stages. Among these symptoms, social cognitive impairment is common and detrimental. Interestingly, the hippocampal CA2 region, with its unique properties, has attracted the attention of scientists due to its potential association with social cognitive functions.
  • 742
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Shedding Light on the Complex Regulation of FGF23
Early research has suggested a rather straightforward relation between phosphate exposure, increased serum FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23) concentrations and clinical endpoints.
  • 741
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
DNA Methylation Variation in Wild Animal Populations
Population epigenetics explores the extent of epigenetic variation and its dynamics in natural populations encountering changing environmental conditions. In contrast to population genetics, the basic concepts of this field are still in their early stages, especially in animal populations. Epigenetic variation may play a crucial role in phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation as it can be affected by the environment, it is likely to have higher spontaneous mutation rate than nucleotide sequences do, and it may be inherited via non-mendelian processes.
  • 741
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
SCFA Receptors in T1D Pathology
SCFAs, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate, are gut microbiota fermentation byproducts of indigestible fiber. The majority of SCFAs are readily absorbed and utilized by the colonocytes as an energy source. Remaining SCFAs are drained into the hepatic and portal venous systems before emerging into the systemic circulation. SCFAs affect host physiology in numerous ways, acting both as metabolic substrates and signaling molecules. Distinct GM and SCFA profiles in T1D versus controls provide compelling evidence for the roles of SCFA receptors in disease pathology. For a better understanding of this role, a review of known functions of FFA2 and FFA3 centering on the endocrine pancreas, immune cells, and gut is presented. Discussion of the roles of these receptors in other tissues has been covered elsewhere.
  • 740
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Viral Hepatitis and HCC Development
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is driven by chronic liver diseases that exhibit several rounds of liver inflammation, necrosis, and regeneration making, HCC a paradigm for inflammation-driven cancer. The role of viral and non-viral inflammation in genetic perturbation and chromosomal aberration predisposing HCC is well-characterized. Instead, the focus of the entry is to summarize the impact of viral hepatitis-mediated immune deregulation on the development and progression of HCC.
  • 740
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the world’s leading causes of death and life-threatening conditions. Researchers shed light on the single-cell-based technologies and multi-omics approaches that have reached breakthroughs in the understanding of the pathomechanism of T2DM. Hyperglycemia initiates a pathobiochemical cascade that results in increased mortality in SARS-CoV-2-infected diabetic patients. The underlying molecular mechanisms are responsible for the worsening of both metabolic and hemodynamic conditions. 
  • 740
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Self-Enhancement and the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Self-enhancement (SE) refers to the tendency to maintain an often unrealistic, positive view of the self. In order to maintain this tendency, SE creates a false self-perception where one makes judgments about oneself that are ungrounded in reality. Self-enhancement is typically defined as something that occurs continuously, meaning when one produces an unrealistic, positive view of the self, it is maintained for an extended period and extends across all dimensions of cognition, including exaggerating potential success in the future, only acknowledging positive feedback, falsely reporting higher test scores, and overestimating social approval.
  • 738
  • 31 Aug 2022
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