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Topic Review
The Role of Buccal Mucosa for Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a heart muscle disease associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Pathologically, it is characterized by the gradual degeneration of cardiac myocytes (CMs) and their subsequent replacement by fat and fibrous tissue. The buccal mucosa can aid the diagnosis and understanding of this deadly disease.
  • 679
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Endomyocardial Biopsy in Pediatric Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathies
Endomyocardial biopsy is a well known diagnostic tool for the investigation and treatment of myocardial diseases and so far, remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of myocarditis. Due to its invasively with a complication rate ranging from 1% to 15%, its role in the diagnostic work-out of pediatric heart failure is not well established.
  • 676
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy across the Spectrum of Ventricular Involvement
Improved disease recognition through family screening and increased life expectancy with appropriate sudden cardiac death prevention has increased the burden of heart failure in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Heart failure management guidelines are well established but primarily focus on left ventricle function. A significant proportion of patients with ACM have predominant or isolated right ventricle (RV) dysfunction. Management of RV dysfunction in ACM lacks evidence but requires special considerations across the spectrum of heart failure regarding the initial diagnosis, subsequent management, monitoring for progression, and end-stage disease management. 
  • 674
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effects of COVID-19 on Arrhythmia
The World Health Organization announced that COVID-19, with SARS-CoV-2 as its pathogen, had become a pandemic on 11 March 2020. With the development of research, cardiovascular injury in patients with COVID-19, such as arrhythmia, myocardial injury, and heart failure, is the second major symptom in addition to respiratory symptoms, and cardiovascular injury is related to the prognosis and mortality of patients. The incidence of arrhythmia in COVID-19 patients ranges from 10% to 20%.
  • 673
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Infective Endocarditis during Pregnancy
The diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) during pregnancy is accompanied by a poor prognosis for both mother and fetus in the absence of prompt management by multidisciplinary teams.
  • 672
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Hypertensive Heart Disease
Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Chronic high blood pressure leads to various structural and functional changes in the myocardium. Different sophisticated imaging methods are developed to properly estimate the severity of the disease and to prevent possible complications. Cardiac magnetic resonance can provide a comprehensive assessment of patients with hypertensive heart disease, including accurate and reproducible measurement of left and right ventricle volumes and function, tissue characterization, and scar quantification.
  • 669
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement
Transcatheter devices have been developed to repair or replace diseased mitral valves (MV). Transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) devices have been proven to be efficient and safe, but many anatomical structures are not compatible with these technologies.
  • 668
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Exercise Testing in Heart Failure
Heart Failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that is caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality and corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion. Metabolic exercise testing, also known as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, provides a comprehensive evaluation of the multisystem (i.e., neurological, respiratory, circulatory, and musculoskeletal) response to exercise performance.
  • 668
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Obesity Medicinal Plants
Inflammation is a crucial factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cardiac remodeling in the presence of persistent inflammation leads to myocardial fibrosis and extracellular matrix changes, which reduce cardiac function, induce arrhythmias, and finally, cause heart failure. Medicinal plants and phytochemicals can cure and prevent obesity and inflammation. In comparison to conventional therapies, the synergistic effects of several phytochemicals boost their bioavailability and impact numerous cellular and molecular targets.
  • 668
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Arterial Stiffness Assessment by Pulse Wave Velocity
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is not a single disease but a cluster of metabolic disorders associated with increased risk for development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Increased arterial stiffness (AS) can predict the development of cardiovascular disease both in the general population and in patients with MS. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), as a standard method to assess AS, may point out subclinical organ damage in patients with hypertension. The decrease in PWV level during antihypertensive therapy can identify a group of patients with better outcomes independently of their reduction in blood pressure. The adverse effect of metabolic disturbances on arterial function can be offset by an adequate program of exercises, which includes mainly aerobic physical training. Non-insulin-based insulin resistance index can predict AS due to a strong positive correlation with PWV. 
  • 667
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac Remodeling and Repair
Repairing cardiac damage and restoring heart function includes cell-based, non-cellular, induced adult cardiomyocyte proliferation and manipulation of cardiac remodeling. Though there has been significant success in delineating the mechanism of cardiac injury and protection against acute ischemic injury, an efficient therapeutic intervention is still unavailable.
  • 665
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
General Considerations Regarding Heart Failure Treatment and Strategies
Since the prevalence of heart failure (HF) increases with age, HF is now one of the most common reasons for the hospitalization of elderly people. Although the treatment strategies and overall outcomes of HF patients have improved over time, hospitalization and mortality rates remain elevated, especially in developed countries where populations are aging.
  • 665
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
The Effect of Oleanolic Acid
The natural product oleanolic acid (OA: 3b-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound. It has been extracted from many species, including Olea europaea. Studies on biological activity have shown that OA has a liver-protective effect, and has been listed as a liver-protective drug in China. OA also has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, cardioprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, and some other pharmacological effects.
  • 665
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Remote Assisted Cardiac Rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation is an individualized outpatient program of physical exercises and medical education designed to accelerate recovery and improve health status in heart disease patients.  Home-based cardiac rehabilitation is a way for patients to enjoy all the benefits of clinician-supervised cardiac recovery from the comfort of their homes, under medical supervision. In addition, virtual communication, the development of digital modules, and the monitoring of vital signs are all possible with wearable devices. 
  • 664
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Temporary Right-Ventricular Assist Devices
Acute right-sided heart failure (RHF) is a complex clinical syndrome, with a wide range of clinical presentations, associated with increased mortality and morbidity, but about which there is a scarcity of evidence-based literature. A temporary right-ventricular assist device (t-RVAD) is a potential treatment option for selected patients with severe right-ventricular dysfunction as a bridge-to-recovery or as a permanent solution.
  • 663
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Technologies Used to Discover Immune Cell Heterogeneity
During homeostasis, immune cells perform daily housekeeping functions to maintain heart health by acting as sentinels for tissue damage and foreign particles.
  • 661
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota/Sex Hormone in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for a large incidence of death cases in both men and women worldwide. Even though age-adjusted CVD mortality rates are higher in men compared to premenopausal women, the midlife period, coincident with the menopause transition, leads to a significant increase of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors also in women. Many studies have demonstrated the association between specific gut microbiota (GM) signature and several CVD manifestations, highlighting the potential roles of bacteria in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease, and cardiometabolic (CM) disorders. Unfortunately, most studies linking GM dysbiosis to CVD risk factors and focused on gender difference were performed in preclinical mouse models rather than in humans.
  • 660
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Endothelial Progenitor Cells as Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Pathologies
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) may influence the integrity and stability of the vascular endothelium. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the key mechanisms in CVD. The assessment of endothelial dysfunction in vivo remains a major challenge, especially for a clinical evaluation of the need for therapeutic interventions or for primary prevention of CVD. Endothelial cells (EC) can become senescent, and the majority of circulating endothelial cells (CEC) show evidence of apoptosis or necrosis. There are a few viable CECs that have properties similar to those of an endothelial progenitor cell. To use EPC levels as a biomarker for vascular function and cumulative cardiovascular risk, a correct definition of their phenotype, as well as an update on the clinical application and practicability of current isolation methods, are an urgent priority. 
  • 660
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Kounis Syndrome
Kounis syndrome (KS) is an acute coronary syndrome triggered by allergic or hypersensitivity reactions. Incidence rates vary, with studies reporting 19.4 per 100.000 among all admissions and 3.4% among allergy patients. The pathophysiology of this syndrome involves a complex interplay between allergic reactions and the cardiovascular system. Mast cell activation, histamine release, leukotrienes, cytokines, and platelet activation can contribute to coronary events. Three types of classification systems (allergic angina, allergic myocardial infarction, allergic stent thrombosis) aid in categorizing presentations. The diagnosis of KS relies on clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and imaging. Postmortem assessment of KS is based on the integration of circumstantial data, autopsy, and histological findings. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses also contribute to postmortem diagnosis. In conclusion, a combined, multidisciplinary approach should be used to ease the diagnostic process, which is crucial for forensic practitioners in confirming KS occurrence.
  • 660
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary revascularization is one of the most studied treatment modalities in cardiology; however, there is no consensus among experts about its indications in patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). 
  • 660
  • 12 Jul 2023
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