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Topic Review
Architecture-Level Optimization on Silicon Photomultipliers
Sensors based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are nowadays employed in a wide variety of single-photon counting and fast-timing applications, e.g., high-energy physics; time of flight (TOF) ranging and 3D imaging; Raman spectroscopy; and bio-medicine, including fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy and positron emission tomography (PET), to name a few. SiPMs are the most common sensors in PET applications, where they detect the light produced by the interaction between gamma photons and scintillator crystals. 
  • 562
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Maximum Power Point Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System
In the recent past, the solar photovoltaic (PV) system has emerged as the most promising source of alternative energy. This solar PV system suffers from an unavoidable phenomenon due to the fluctuating environmental conditions. It has nonlinearity in I-V curves, which reduces the output efficiency. Hence, the optimum maximum power point (MPP) extraction of the PV system is difficult to achieve. Therefore, for maximizing the power output of PV systems, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mechanism, which is a control algorithm that can constantly track the MPP during operation, is required. However, choosing a suitable MPPT technique might be confusing because each method has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Hence, a proper review of these methods is essential. In this research, various MPPT techniques based on their classifications, such as offline, online, and hybrid techniques under uniform and nonuniform irradiances, are presented. In comparison to offline and online MPPT methods, intelligent MPPT techniques have better tracking accuracy and tracking efficiency with less steady state oscillations. Unlike online and offline techniques, intelligent methods track the global MPP under partial shade conditions. 
  • 562
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Modeling and Control of Isolated DC–DC Converters
Bidirectional DC–DC converters are frequently chosen for applications requiring high power density such as in bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) technology makes the EV battery an electrical energy source. 
  • 562
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Power Line Communication Technology
Power line communication (PLC) is a technology that exploits existing electrical transmission and distribution networks as guiding structures for electromagnetic signal propagation. This facilitates low-rate data transmission for signaling and control operations. As the demand in terms of data rate has greatly increased, the attention paid to broadband PLC (BPLC) has also greatly increased. This concept also extended to railways as broadband traction power line communication (BTPLC), aiming to offer railway operators an alternative data network in areas where other technologies are lacking.
  • 562
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
CPTED in the Cyberspace Domain
The visual fidelity of a virtual environment lacks the exceedingly complex layers from the physical world, but the continuous improvements of image rendering technology and computation powers have led to greater demands for virtual simulations. Our study employs Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) as a risk control measure and utilizes two principles: Access Control and Natural Surveillance. We conducted an experiment with (n-sample: 100) graduate students. For the experiment, we utilized the Factor Analysis of Information Risk (FAIR) to quantitatively analyze the risk. Furthermore, we adopted the lme4 package for R to estimate the mixed effect of the 6,242,880 observations retrieved from Kaggle. Based on the two experiments, we were able to critically evaluate the contributions of CPTED through a multi-component analysis. Our study investigates how spatial syntax and territorial demarcation may translate in the cyberspace realm. We found that the corollaries of the mophology in the virtual environment effects the distribution of crime. The results of our study discusses how to determine the criminogenic designs and capacity in the cyberspace realm.
  • 561
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Application of Radio Frequency Identification in IoT Field
RFID (radio frequency identification) technology appeared nearly 70 years ago. Deployed more widely only from the early 2000s, it is now booming and its development is still accelerating. As its name indicates, its original function was the identification (of objects, animals, people) and its applications were then essentially aimed at traceability, access control and logistics. If this type of use is still relevant today with more and more new application contexts and more and more efficient RFID tags, RFID has also evolved by integrating new capabilities. These new tags, known as augmented tags, include an information capture function. With the explosion of connected objects and the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), this old technology that is RFID still has a promising future and will probably be more and more present in our private and professional environments in all fields: logistics, industry, agriculture, building, health and even space.
  • 560
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microelectrodes in the Electrophysiological Neural Probes
Electrophysiological neural probes already have mature tools at different scales; patch clamps, which can record electrical activities at a single-cell scale, are the best tool for studying ion channel activity. With the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, high-density Si-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have successfully realized the recording of high-throughput and high time resolution of brain electrical signals.
  • 560
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Plasmonic Circuitry
Plasmonics is the study of plasmons, quasiparticles of plasma oscillation in solids such as metals, semi-metals, metal oxides, nitrides, doped semiconductors, etc. An effort is currently being made to implement plasmons in electric circuits, or in an electric circuit analog, to combine the size efficiency of electronics with the data capacity of photonic integrated circuits. Plasmonics can be understood as "light-on-metal-dielectric-interfaces," where electrons oscillate at the surface of a metal due to strong resonant interactions with the electric field of incident light. Due to the high scattering rate of electrons, ohmic losses in plasmonic signals are generally large, which limits the signal transfer distances to the sub-centimeter range, unless hybrid optoplasmonic light guiding networks, or plasmon gain amplification are used. Both surface plasmon polaritons propagating along the metal-dielectric interfaces and localized surface plasmon modes supported by metal nanoparticles are characterized by large momentum values, which enable strong resonant enhancement of the local density of photon states, and can be utilized to enhance weak optical effects of opto-electronic devices.
  • 558
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Segmental Switched Reluctance Motor
Due to the high robustness and control flexibility of switched reluctance motors (SRMs), segmented structures have been widely studied to expand its applications in aerospace and other industrial fields.
  • 555
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
A Light-Electric-Vehicle Batteries Maintenance Tool
This work proposes an open-hardware low-cost battery maintenance tool architecture that can be used with common laboratory instruments. The tool is based on a relay matrix and a battery monitor integrated circuit. It is able to completely characterize and optimize the state of a battery independently of the battery management system and also gives a figure of the individual aging of the battery cells. The work shows the architecture and the experimental validation of a 16-cells battery maintenance tool prototype. The results demonstrate that utilizing the tool brings the battery to the best possible state and identifies the degradation of the cells in terms of capacity and resistance.
  • 552
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Energy Consumption Problems in Autonomous Systems
Autonomous systems are a rapidly developing research field that may revolutionize many industries and applications in transportation, manufacturing, healthcare, and agriculture. They offer the potential to boost effectiveness, to lower expenses, and to enhance safety. Autonomous systems incorporate sensors, software, and artificial intelligence algorithms to perceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions. However, one of the main challenges autonomous systems face is energy consumption. These systems require significant energy to power their sensors, processors, and other components. This is especially true for autonomous systems designed for mobility autonomous systems, such as autonomous vehicles (AVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
  • 547
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Position Sensorless Techniques for Switched Reluctance Machine Systems
Owing to the added advantages of high stability and low cost, the position sensorless method of SRMs has been extensively studied to advance its use in vehicles and construction machinery.
  • 546
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Solid-Phase Optical Sensing Techniques for Sensitive Virus Detection
Optical biosensors measure the optical signals as the changes in the optical properties and characteristics on the transducer surface in the case of an interaction of the immobilized biorecognition element with the measured substance. Optical biosensors can use different types of biorecognition elements such as antibodies, aptamers, peptides, nucleic acids, peptide nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes, or whole cells on the transducer surface, which is designed to bind with the target substance specifically.
  • 546
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Silver Nanostructure
Silver nanoparticles are one of the commonly used metal materials for SP because of their high sensitivity to refractive index change, convenient synthesis, and high controllable degree of shape and size. Silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes are used in many fields. Various synthesis methods have undergone many improvements over time and technological developments in order to provide precise control over the shape and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle fabrication is usually divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up.
  • 544
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Robot Environment Perception for Navigation
Robot external and internal environment sensing by extraction of raw sensor data and their interpretation is the basic principle of robot perception. In the modular or end-to-end robot navigation approach, sensors play a critical role in capturing the environment or internal robot attributes for robot perception. A sensor modality represents a sensor that inputs a particular form of energy and processes the signal using similar methods. Modalities include raw input types for sensors like sound, pressure, light (infrared, visible), or magnetic fields. Robot perception sensor modalities commonly include cameras (infrared, RGB or depth), LiDAR, radar, sonar, GNSS, IMU, and odometry sensors.
  • 543
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Campus Energy Management
Energy is very important in daily life. The smart power system provides an energy management system using various techniques. Among other load types, campus microgrids are very important, and they consume large amounts of energy. Energy management systems in campus prosumer microgrids have been addressed in different works.
  • 542
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Direct Torque Controllers in Five-Phase Electrical Drives
Machines with more than three phases are called multiphase machines, which provide a better current distribution among phases, and lower current harmonic production in the power converter, than conventional three-phase machines. However, multiphase drive applications require the development of complex controllers to regulate the torque (or speed) and flux of the machine. In this regard, direct torque controllers have appeared as a viable alternative due to their easy formulation and high flexibility to incorporate control objectives. 
  • 541
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Microgrid Architectures
Several issues of individual microgrids (MGs) such as voltage and frequency fluctuations mainly due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources’ (RESs) power production can be mitigated by interconnecting multiple MGs and forming a multi-microgrid (MMG) system. MMG systems improve the reliability and resiliency of power systems, increase RESs’ utilization, and provide cost-efficient power to the consumers. 
  • 541
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fiber Optic Sensors
The last decade has seen rapid developments in the areas of carbon fiber technology, additive manufacturing technology, sensor engineering, i.e., wearables, and new structural reinforcement techniques. These developments, although from different areas, have collectively paved way for concrete structures with non-corrosive reinforcement and in-built sensors. This effort bridges the gap between civil engineering and sensor engineering communities through an overview on the up-to-date technological advances in both sectors, with a special focus on textile reinforced concrete embedded with Fiber Optic Sensors (FOSs). These have advantages over alternative concepts, such as, immunity to electromagnetic interference or light weight. The former is an important aspect for some civil infrastructure, i.e., railways where the lines are electrified. Thus, there has been in depth research on the feasibility and deployment of FOSs for SHM purposes. The characteristics desired for the ideal FOS for strain measurement in civil structures would include: adequate sensitivity and dynamic range; linear response; sensitivity to the direction of measurand field change; being single-ended, i.e., to minimize the number of leads; insensitivity to thermal fluctuations; non-perturbativity to the structure; immunity to power interruptions; ability to multiplex; ease of mass production, and durability for the entire lifetime of the structure.
  • 539
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
IoT-Based Hybrid AC/DC RES Environment
Smart microgrids, as the foundations of the future smart grid, combine distinct Internet of Things (IoT) designs and technologies for applications that are designed to create, regulate, monitor, and protect the microgrid (MG), particularly as the IoT develops and evolves on a daily basis. Communication networks are critical components of HRES because they allow data to flow between data sources (sensors and meters), control centers, and controllers. The data flow from various elements establishes the system architecture in addition to facilitating the control operation and remote monitoring. Sensing, communication, processing, and actuation will all benefit from IoT technology, which will facilitate a variety of MG applications.
  • 538
  • 08 Oct 2022
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