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Topic Review
Preparation of Macrophage-Based Microrobots
Macrophages belong to a group of mononuclear phagocytic cells of the innate immune system that plays an important role as the first line of defense against foreign objects, harmful pathogens, and tumorous cells. Due to their characteristics, these cells can be utilized to create macrophage-based microrobots.
  • 726
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Secondary Metabolism and Biotechnology
Microbial secondary metabolites, now named as specialized metabolites, often have unusual structures and many have demonstrated major effects on the health, nutrition and economics of our society.
  • 722
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in the Treatments against Human Bacterial Pathogens
The development of RNA-based anti-infectives has gained interest with the successful application of mRNA-based vaccines. Small RNAs are molecules of RNA of <200 nucleotides in length that may control the expression of specific genes. Small RNAs include small interference RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), or microRNAs (miRNAs).
  • 721
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Application of Microbial Cell Factories
Microbial cell factories are becoming a fundamental technology for pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries to satisfy the welfare of an increasing global population and socio-economic development. Microorganisms are used for the production of various products, including carboxylic acids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, plant natural products, carotenoids, biogas, and other biofuels. About 52% of FDA-approved chemical entities were naturally derived products during the period of 1981–2006. The production of varied value-added macromolecules and metabolites was witnessed in the last decade by microbial cell factories (MCFs), with titers changing from μg/L to mg/L. Moreover, the introduction of metabolic engineering approaches improved the rate, titer, and yield of industrially vital compounds by manipulating the host metabolism, physiology, stress response, carbon–energy balance, and the annihilation of an undesirable ATP sink. Due to MCFs, the industrial biotechnology sector is increasing expeditiously, and numerous biocommodities are also in production. 
  • 719
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Loops around Heme Pocket influence Bacillus subtilis's BsDyP
Bacillus subtilis BsDyP belongs to class I of the enzyme's dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) family. It is an interesting biocatalyst due to its high redox potential, broad substrate spectrum, and thermostability. The engineering of the enzyme towards improved activity for phenolics revealed that loops close to the heme pocket could be modulated for tuning catalytic and stability DyP properties.
  • 718
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2-Based Biosensing Modalities
Rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are a critical and valuable weapon for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response. SARS-CoV-2 invasion is primarily mediated by human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Recent developments in ACE2-based SARS-CoV-2 detection modalities accentuate the potential of this natural host-virus interaction for developing point-of-care (POC) COVID-19 diagnostic systems.
  • 711
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Bioproduction of L-Cysteine
L-cysteine is a proteogenic amino acid with many applications in the pharmaceutical, food, animal feed, and cosmetic industries. Due to safety and environmental issues in extracting L-cysteine from animal hair and feathers, the fermentative production of L-cysteine offers an attractive alternative using renewable feedstocks. 
  • 711
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genetically Modified Probiotics for Prevention of Immune-Related Diseases
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus, as well as metabolic syndromes, which could also be risk factors for cardio-metabolic disorders. Consistently, it has been shown that beneficial effects may be convoyed by the modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway against the development of these diseases. Importantly, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway can be modulated by probiotics. Probiotics have a variety of beneficial properties, with the potential of treating specific diseases such as immune-related diseases, which are valuable to human health. In addition, an increasing body of work in the literature emphasized the contribution of genetically modified probiotics.
  • 703
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
From Shallow to Deep Bioprocess Hybrid Modeling
Hybrid neural network (HNN)  modeling is the combination of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with prior knowledge in a mathematical framework. There are two main approaches to incorporating prior knowledge: design and training methods. Design approaches use prior knowledge to define the network structure, while training approaches use it to guide parameter estimation. Both approaches reduce data dependency, making models less sensitive to sparse and noisy data, and improving their descriptive and predictive capabilities compared to pure ANNs. HNNs are a powerful tool for understanding complex processes like bioprocesses and accelerating product development. Bioprocess modeling is challenging due to nonlinearity, dynamics, and uncertainty. Traditional models based on physical and chemical laws can be overly simplistic or hard to calibrate. Data-driven ANN models lack interpretability and generalization. HNNs combine the strengths of both approaches, enhancing the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of bioprocess modeling by integrating prior knowledge with ANNs.
  • 702
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lung Microbiome in Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a multisystemic disease caused by a defect in the production, folding, or function of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.
  • 695
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Control Methods of Nosemosis
Nosemosis is a serious microsporidian disease of adult European honey bees caused by the spore-forming unicellular fungi Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae.
  • 695
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Domain Heterogeneity in Radiofrequency Therapies
       The objective of this research work was to study the differences between the predicted ablation volume in homogeneous and heterogeneous models of typical radiofrequency (RF) procedures for pain relief. A three-dimensional computational domain comprising of the realistic anatomy of the target tissue was considered in this study. A comparative analysis was conducted for three different scenarios: (a) a completely homogeneous domain comprising of only muscle tissue, (b) a heterogeneous domain comprising of nerve and muscle tissues, and (c) a heterogeneous domain comprising of bone, nerve and muscle tissues. Finite-element-based simulations were performed to compute the temperature and electrical field distribution during conventional RF procedures for treating pain, and exemplified here for the continuous case. The predicted results reveal that the consideration of heterogeneity within the computational domain results in distorted electric field distribution and leads to a significant reduction in the attained ablation volume during the continuous RF application for pain relief. The findings of this study could provide first-hand quantitative information to clinical practitioners about the impact of such heterogeneities on the efficacy of RF procedures, thereby assisting them in developing standardized optimal protocols for different cases of interest.
  • 690
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Bacillus subtilis Spores
Bacillus subtilis spores offer several advantages that make them attractive for protein display. They can be used in a wide array of biotechnological and industrial applications such as vaccines, bioabsorbants to remove toxic chemicals, whole-cell catalysts, bioremediation, and biosensors. Lastly, spores are easily produced in large quantities, have a good safety record, and can be used as additives in foods and drugs.
  • 689
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can synthesize a variety of polysaccharides. These comprise a large group of high-molecular-weight molecules consisting of monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond, which exhibit a variety of structures, functional properties, and biological activities. Polysaccharides are one of the main components involved in the formation of the extracellular biofilm matrix. LAB-produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) can be applied in food products, including dairy products, gluten-free bakery products, and low-fat meat products, as they positively influence the consistency, stability, and quality of the final product.
  • 687
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ribonomics Approaches to Identify RBPome in Plants
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) form complex interactions with RNA to regulate the cell’s activities including cell development and disease resistance. RNA-binding proteome (RBPome) aims to profile and characterize the RNAs and proteins that interact with each other to carry out biological functions. Generally, RNA-centric and protein-centric ribonomic approaches have been successfully developed to profile RBPome in different organisms including plants and animals. Further, more and more novel methods that were firstly devised and applied in mammalians have shown great potential to unravel RBPome in plants such as RNA-interactome capture (RIC) and orthogonal organic phase separation (OOPS). Despise the development of various robust and state-of-the-art ribonomics techniques, genome-wide RBP identifications and characterizations in plants are relatively fewer than those in other eukaryotes, indicating that ribonomics techniques have great opportunities in unraveling and characterizing the RNA–protein interactions in plant species. 
  • 683
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem-Cell Transplantations
One of the biggest concern in blood transplantations is the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) because its chronicity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In this regard, umblical cord blood transplantations (UCBT) is a preferable source of donor hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) compared to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In this report, the authors provide strategies to expand umbilical stem cells and enhance efficacy of transplantation into indicated patients with chronic diseases (e.g. cancers, non malignant hemoglobinopathies).
  • 681
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Trypanosoma cruzi Disperse Gene Protein Family (DGF-1)
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infections, is included in the group of neglected diseases, and efforts to develop new therapeutic or immunoprevention approaches have not been successful. After the publication of the T. cruzi genome, the number of molecular and biochemical studies on this parasite has increased considerably, many of which are focused on families of variant surface proteins, especially trans-sialidases, mucins, and mucin-associated proteins. The disperse gene protein 1 family (DGF-1) is one of the most abundant families in the T. cruzi genome.
  • 668
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Skin Cancer Survival Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
The advancement in cancer research using high throughput technology and artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining momentum to improve disease diagnosis and targeted therapy. However, the complex and imbalanced data with high dimensionality pose significant challenges for computational approaches and multi-omics data analysis. 
  • 666
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Applications of CRISPR Systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) system has undergone substantial and transformative progress. CRISPR-Cas is widely applied in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts, and its powerful gene editing efficiency has also facilitated the construction of microbial cell factories for the production of target compounds. Among various microbial host cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae stands out due to its uncomplicated structure and post-translational modification system.
  • 660
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Associations between Gut Microbiota, Immunity and CNS
Nerve cell death accounts for various neurodegenerative disorders, in which altered immunity to the integrated central nervous system (CNS) might have destructive consequences. This undesirable immune response often affects the progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It has been shown that commensal gut microbiota could influence the brain and/or several machineries of immune function. In other words, neurodegenerative disorders may be connected to the gut–brain–immune correlational system. The engrams in the brain could retain the information of a certain inflammation in the body which might be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Tactics involving the use of probiotics and/or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are now evolving as the most promising and/or valuable for the modification of the gut–brain–immune axis. 
  • 655
  • 22 Aug 2023
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