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Topic Review
Candidate Genes of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism's Regulation
All biological processes associated with high sports performance, including energy metabolism, are influenced by genetics. DNA sequence variations in such genes, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), could confer genetic advantages that can be exploited to achieve optimal athletic performance. Ignorance of these features can create genetic “barriers” that prevent professional athletes from pursuing a career in sports.
  • 830
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Activation-Inhibition Coordination in Neuron, Brain, and Behavior Sequencing/Organization
Activation-inhibition coordination is considered a dynamic process that functions as a common mechanism in the synchronization and functioning of neurons, brain, behavior, and their sequencing/organization, including over these different scales. The concept has broad applicability, for example, in applications to maladaptivity/atypicality. Young developed the hypothesis to help explain the efficacy of right-hand reaching to grasp in 1-month-olds, a study that implicated that the left hemisphere is specialized for activation-inhibition coordination. This underlying left-hemisphere function, noted to characterize the left hemisphere right from birth, can explain equally its language and fine motor skills, for example. The right hemisphere appears specialized for less complex inhibitory skills, such as outright damping/inhibition. The hypotheses related to inhibition and hemispheric specialization that appear in the literature typically refer to right hemisphere skills in these regards.
  • 830
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic Methods in Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are characterised by the gradual loss of certain groups of nervous system cells, accompanied by enhanced depositions of proteins with important functions in cellular homeostasis. The most common are Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease; in both cases, diagnosis is based on clinical tests with limited capability to discriminate between similar neurodegenerative disorders and detect the early stages of the disease. It is common that by the time a patient is diagnosed with the disease, the level of neurodegeneration is already severe. 
  • 830
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Translational Stroke
The approach to reperfusion therapies in stroke patients is rapidly evolving, but there is still no explanation why a substantial proportion of patients have a poor clinical prognosis despite successful flow restoration. This issue of futile recanalization is explained here by three clinical cases which, despite complete recanalization, have very different outcomes. Preclinical research is particularly suited to characterize the highly dynamic changes in acute ischemic stroke and to identify potential treatment targets useful for clinical translation. This entry surveys the efforts taken so far to achieve mouse models capable to investigate of investigating the neurovascular underpinnings of futile recanalization. We highlight the translational potential of targeting tissue reperfusion in fully recanalized mouse models and of investigating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms from subcellular to tissue scale. We suggest that stroke preclinical research should increasingly drive forward a continuous and circular dialogue with clinical research. When the preclinical and the clinical stroke research are consistent, translational success will follow.
  • 829
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ischemic Brain Injury
Cerebral ischemic stroke, a condition falling within the realm of acute vascular disorders affecting the circulation in the brain, stands as a prominent global cause of disability and mortality. Extensive investigations into glial plasticity and their intricate interactions with other cells in the central nervous system have predominantly relied on studies conducted on experimental animals, including rodents and primates. However, valuable insights have also been gleaned from in vivo studies involving poststroke patients, utilizing highly specialized imaging techniques. Following the attempts to map brain cells, the role of various transcription factors in modulating gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia is gaining increasing popularity. Although the results obtained thus far remain incomplete and occasionally ambiguous, they serve as a solid foundation for the development of strategies aimed at influencing the recovery process after ischemic brain injury.
  • 827
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Neuroimaging-Based Brain Age Estimation
Neuroimaging is a widely available, less-invasive method to investigate the whole brain of humans, and with neuroimaging, the brain’s morphological and microstructural features can be obtained. A neuroimaging-based brain-age estimation can provide a reliable neuropsychiatric biomarker at the single-subject level. In addition, brain MRI—particularly T1-weighted structural Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—is a widely available examination in most countries, which may support easier and wider clinical applications of brain-age analyses. Considering the utility, availability, and reproducibility of neuroimaging-based brain-age estimations for single patients, brain age can be expected to become a useful personalized biomarker in neuropsychiatry.
  • 826
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hypothalamus and the Brainstem in Health and Obesity
The hypothalamus and brainstem are critical components of the homeostatic system that regulates appetite and energy balance. These key brain regions comprise of distinct neuronal populations and nuclei which exerts tremendous control over several facets of energy balance. Importantly, several of these neuronal populations exhibit both overlapping and also contrasting metabolic roles, thereby enabling the CNS to fine tune metabolic functions under physiological conditions.
  • 822
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Neuroinflammatory Pathways in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-FTD Continuum
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal dementia (FDT) are progressive neurodegenerative disorders that, in several cases, overlap in clinical presentation, and genetic and pathological disease mechanisms. About 10–15% of ALS cases and up to 40% of FTD are familial, usually with dominant traits. ALS and FTD, in several cases, share common gene mutations, such as in C9ORF72, TARDBP, SQSTM-1, FUS, VCP, CHCHD10, and TBK-1. 
  • 822
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Combination Therapy for Neuropathic Pain
We evaluated the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of double-blinded randomized controlled trials involving only adult participants and comparing combination therapy (CT: ≥2 drugs) with a placebo and/or at least one other comparator with an NP indication. The primary outcome assessed was the proportion of participants reporting ≥50% pain reductions from baseline. The secondary outcome assessed was the proportion of drop-outs due to treatment-emergent adverse events.
  • 821
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neurological Teratogenic Effects from SARS-CoV-2
There is no solid evidence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Reports that have demonstrated in utero infection, among which one demonstrated placental viremia by RT-PCR, in addition to the presence of inflammatory cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), together with neurological manifestations consistent with those described in adult patients, raise concerns
  • 820
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sodium nitropusside a novel neuroleptic
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting up to 1% of the worldwide population. Available therapy presents different limits comprising lack of efficiency in attenuating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, typical features of schizophrenia and severe side effects. There is pressing requirement, therefore, to develop novel neuroleptics with higher efficacy and safety. Nitric oxide (NO), an intra- and inter-cellular messenger in the brain, appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In particular, underproduction of this gaseous molecule is associated to this mental disease. The latter suggests that increment of nitrergic activity might be of utility for the medication of schizophrenia. Based on the above, molecules able to enhance NO production, as are NO donors, might represent a class of compounds candidates. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a NO donor and is proposed as a promising novel compound for the treatment of schizophrenia.
  • 819
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Therapy of Associated Features of Migraine
Migraine is a complex and debilitating disorder that is broadly recognised by its characteristic headache. The associated symptoms to migraine, apart from the painful component, are frequent, under-recognised and can be more deleterious than the headache itself. The clinical anamnesis of a headache patient should enquire about the associated symptoms, and treatment should be considered and individualised.
  • 819
  • 25 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dynamic Behavior in Genetically Defined Neurodegenerative Diseases
Mitochondrial dynamics encompass mitochondrial fusion, fission, and movement. Mitochondrial fission and fusion are seemingly ubiquitous, whereas mitochondrial movement is especially important for organelle transport through neuronal axons. In addition to review mitochondrial dynamics processes in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2A, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedrich’s ataxia, dominant optic atrophy, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases, researchers suggest a possible screening procedure using patient-derived cells to evaluate different therapeutics for a given disease, or to assess potential efficacy of a particular approach in multiple diseases.
  • 818
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebrovascular Disease
High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) is the most important and popular vessel wall imaging technique for the direct assessment of vessel wall and cerebral arterial disease. It can identify the cause of stroke in high-risk plaques and differentiate the diagnosis of head and carotid artery dissection, including inflammation, Moya Moya disease, cerebral aneurysm, vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, blunt cerebrovascular injury, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, and other stenosis or occlusion conditions.
  • 818
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Sleepiness, Aging, and Driving Skills
Sleepiness has been recognized as one of the main factors that affect driving skills. Sleepiness has been defined as difficulty maintaining wakefulness without external stimuli. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is present in 10–20% of the general population and negatively impacts reaction time, vigilance, and judgment of performance at the wheel. The sleepiness level can be evaluated by subjective or objective methods and may be influenced by poor sleep hygiene, circadian rhythm, or alcohol and drugs.
  • 817
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Mitochondria by Plant Secondary Metabolites
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent and debilitating neurodegenerative conditions, and is currently on the rise. Several dysregulated pathways are behind the pathogenesis of PD; however, the critical targets remain unclear. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to reveal the key dysregulated pathways in PD. Prevailing reports have highlighted the importance of mitochondrial and cross-talked mediators in neurological disorders, genetic changes, and related complications of PD. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms of PD, as well as the low efficacy and side effects of conventional neuroprotective therapies, drive the need for finding novel alternative agents. Recently, much attention has been paid to using plant secondary metabolites (e.g., flavonoids/phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids) in the modulation of PD-associated manifestations by targeting mitochondria. In this line, plant secondary metabolites have shown promising potential for the simultaneous modulation of mitochondrial apoptosis and reactive oxygen species.
  • 817
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in AD
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging. Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise with increasing age.
  • 815
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Management Implications in Adults with ADHD
ADHD is strongly associated with psychiatric comorbidities; it is reported that roughly 80% of adults with ADHD have at least one coexisting psychiatric disorder, with rates of comorbid bipolar disorder (BD) between 5 and 47%, rates of depression between 9 and 16%, and anxiety rates approaching 50% in the adult ADHD population. There is also a notable increased risk of developing psychiatric comorbidities in individuals who have ADHD, including anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, depression, and bipolar disorder.
  • 815
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pathomechanisms of Heavy Metal Overload in ASD
Toxic metals may impact brain development directly, as they are able to reach the brain tissue, or through a secondary effect of peripheral pathologies affecting the brain. Toxic metals may interfere with dozens of physiological processes such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNA expression, changing protein properties, or affecting gut-brain signaling by altering the microbiota composition. The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)-related effects may only occur during a person’s prenatal period. 
  • 814
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening condition associated with high mortality and substantial long-term morbidity. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a new pathogen that causes a disease with variable clinical manifestations. Although the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with hypercoagulopathy, patients may also present with cerebral hemorrhage, including SAH. 
  • 813
  • 08 Oct 2022
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