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Topic Review
Mycobacterium tuberculosis as Modulators of Cell Death Mechanisms
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modulates diverse cell death pathways to escape the host immune responses and favor its dissemination, a complex process of interest in pathogenesis-related studies. The main virulence factors of Mtb that alter cell death pathways are classified according to their origin as either non-protein (for instance, lipomannan) or protein (such as the PE family and ESX secretion system). The 38 kDa lipoprotein, ESAT-6 (early antigen-secreted protein 6 kDa), and another secreted protein, tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT), induces necroptosis, thereby allowing mycobacteria to survive inside the cell. The inhibition of pyroptosis by blocking inflammasome activation by Zmp1 and PknF is another pathway that aids the intracellular replication of Mtb. Autophagy inhibition is another mechanism that allows Mtb to escape the immune response. The enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein, other proteins, such as ESX-1, SecA2, SapM, PE6, and certain microRNAs, also facilitate Mtb host immune escape process. 
  • 466
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Rapha-Myr®:Antitumor Agent in Human Astrocytoma
We utilized Rapha Myr®, a novel blend of broccoli seed extract (Brassica Oleracea s.e., Sulforaphane glucosinolate titer 11%) plus active myrosinase, to treat the human astrocytoma cell line (1321N1). Rapha Myr® exhibited low antioxidant capability and exerted antiproliferative and genotoxic effects on 1321N1 cells by blocking the cell cycle, disarranging cytoskeleton structure and focal adhesions, decreasing the integrin α5 expression, renewing anoikis and modulating some important epigenetic pathways independently of the cellular p53 status. In addition, Rapha Myr® suppresses the expression of the oncogenic p53 mutant protein. These findings promote Rapha Myr® as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for integrated cancer therapy of human astrocytoma.
  • 465
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Stroke
Stroke is a leading cause of death, long-term disability, and socioeconomic costs, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatment. During acute phase, intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a thrombolytic agent, and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), a mechanical intervention to retrieve clots, are the only FDA-approved treatments to re-establish cerebral blood flow. Due to a short therapeutic time window and high potential risk of cerebral hemorrhage, a limited number of acute stroke patients benefit from tPA treatment. Different attributes of nanoparticles are also being explored to develop a multifunctional thrombolytic agent that, in addition to a thrombolytic agent, can contain therapeutics such as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuro/vasoprotective, or imaging agent, i.e., a theragnostic agent. 
  • 465
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bisphenol A in Female Rats
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure is the most prevalent in the environment. Rahman et al. (2021) summarized several confounding factors that may be directly or indirectly related to human BPA exposure and detailed the disparities between scientifically derived safe dosages of BPA and those designated as “safe” by government regulatory agencies. Exposure to BPA during early development has been associated with the prevalence of various cardiometabolic diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
  • 464
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear Protein in Testis
NUT (Nuclear protein in Testis) is a testis-specific factor originally discovered as a chromosomal fusion partner of BRD4 and BRD3, both members of the BET double bromodomain-containing family of proteins, in an aggressive cancer known as NUT Carcinoma (NC).
  • 464
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
RNA Editing Detection Tools
RNA editing is the most frequent RNA modification in mammalian transcriptomes, and two types have been identified: (1) the most frequent, adenosine to inosine (A-to-I); and (2) the less frequent, cysteine to uracil (C-to-U) RNA editing. Unlike other epitranscriptomic marks, RNA editing can be readily detected from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data without any chemical conversions of RNA before sequencing library preparation. Furthermore, analyzing RNA editing patterns from transcriptomic data provides an additional layer of information about the epitranscriptome. As the significance of epitranscriptomics, particularly RNA editing, gains recognition in various fields of biology and medicine, there is a growing interest in detecting RNA editing sites (RES) by analyzing RNA-seq data. To cope with this increased interest, several bioinformatic tools are available.
  • 464
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Automated Stuttering Classification
Speech disfluency, particularly stuttering, can have a significant impact on effective communication. Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by repetitions, prolongations, and blocks in the flow of speech, which can result in communication difficulties, social isolation, and low self-esteem. Stuttering can also lead to negative reactions from listeners, such as impatience or frustration, which can further exacerbate communication difficulties.
  • 464
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
3D Tumor Spheroid to Model Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic entity composed of malignant and non-malignant cells, including innate and adaptive immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, pericytes, and the extracellular matrix (ECM).  Both the physical and biochemical features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a critical role in promoting the differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. It is therefore essential to understand how malignant cells interact and communicate with an assortment of supportive tumor-associated cells including macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and other immune cells. To study the complex mechanisms behind cancer progression, 3D spheroid and organoid models are widely in favor because they replicate the stromal environment and multicellular structure present within an in vivo tumor. It provides more precise data about the cell–cell interactions, tumor characteristics, drug discovery, and metabolic profile of cancer cells compared to oversimplified 2D systems and unrepresentative animal models. 
  • 463
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the HIV Setting
Despite the widespread use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the subsequent decrease in AIDS-defining cancers, HIV-related lymphomas remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with HIV (PWH). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtype in PWH. This lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease including morphological variants and molecular subtypes according to the cell of origin or the mutation profile.
  • 463
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics, Biogenesis and Functions of CircRNAs
Circular RNA (CircRNA), a single-stranded closed-loop RNA that lacks terminal 5′ caps and 3′ poly (A) tails, is more stable than linear RNA. CircRNA was first discovered in plant-infected viroids and was later observed in eukaryotes, although it was not produced via the back-splicing mechanism.
  • 462
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Targets for Therapeutic Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an adult-onset dementia characterised by progressive neurodegeneration and widespread brain damage, leading to long-term functional and cognitive impairment and greatly reduced life expectancy. While early genetic studies uncovered several polymorphisms associated with AD, more recently genome-wide association analyses and massive sequencing techniques have revealed numerous novel susceptibility genes, differentially expressed genes, and disease traits. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying disease onset are still not fully understood and, as with other complex human diseases, the causes of low heritability are unclear. Epigenetic mechanisms, in which changes in gene expression do not depend on changes in genotype, have been postulated as key factors in understanding the development of AD and the processes that influence age-related changes and various neurological diseases. Research on specific mutations in risk genes and epigenetic markers is increasing, enabling the development of therapeutic treatments that target the neuropathological changes associated with AD and, in many cases, are expected to reverse at least some of the cognitive impairment associated with the disease. The application of effective therapies therefore requires a growing understanding of the genetic risk factors and underlying epigenetic mechanisms involved in AD. 
  • 461
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Crohn’s Disease Complication
Crohn’s Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in which up to 50% of patients develop fistula within 20 years after the initial diagnosis, and half of these patients suffer perianal fistulizing disease. The etiopathogenesis of CD-related perianal fistula is still unclear, and its phenotypical and molecular characteristics are even more indefinite. A better understanding would be crucial to develop targeted and more effective therapeutic strategies.
  • 460
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Medium-Temperature CO2 Sorbents
Hydrogen is a promising energy vector, with a high calorific value (122 kJ g−1), which is being considered as the cleanest energy option, with a zero-carbon footprint, since it burns cleanly, giving water as the only product. Therefore, if linked with renewable energy sources and CO2 capture, it allows for decarbonizing a wide range of final sectors of use, providing clean power and heat to transport and stationary applications. Hydrogen is an important raw material of some industrial processes, such as hydrocracking, ammonia synthesis, methanol production, and the manufacture of hydrochloric acid; it is also a reducing agent in the steel industry.
  • 459
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
ATGs Involved in Plant Immunity and NPR1 Metabolism
Autophagy is an important pathway of degrading excess and abnormal proteins and organelles through their engulfment into autophagosomes that subsequently fuse with the vacuole. Autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are essential for the formation of autophagosomes. To date, about 35 ATGs have been identified in Arabidopsis, which are involved in the occurrence and regulation of autophagy. Among these, 17 proteins are related to resistance against plant pathogens. The transcription coactivator non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is involved in innate immunity and acquired resistance in plants, which regulates most salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes.
  • 457
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Bacteria-Mediated Modulatory Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide, with a higher rate of distant metastases than other malignancies and with regular occurrence of drug resistance. Therefore, scientists are forced to further develop novel and innovative therapeutic treatment strategies, whereby it has been discovered microorganisms, albeit linked to CRC pathogenesis, are able to act as highly selective CRC treatment agents. Consequently, researchers are increasingly focusing on bacteriotherapy as a novel therapeutic strategy with less or no side effects compared to standard cancer treatment methods. With multiple successful trials making use of various bacteria-associated mechanisms, bacteriotherapy in cancer treatment is on its way to become a promising tool in CRC targeting therapy.
  • 456
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Zebrafish Larvae Behavior Models for Pre-Clinical Assays
Phenotype-based screenings can transpose the organism’s compensatory pathways by adopting multi-target strategies for treating complex diseases, and zebrafish emerged as an important model for biomedical research and drug screenings. Zebrafish’s clear correlation between neuro-anatomical and physiological features and behavior is very similar to that verified in mammals, enabling the construction of reliable and relevant experimental models for neurological disorders research. Zebrafish presents highly conserved physiological pathways that are found in higher vertebrates, including mammals, along with a robust behavioral repertoire. Moreover, it is very sensitive to pharmacological/environmental manipulations, and these behavioral phenotypes are detected in both larvae and adults. These advantages align with the 3Rs concept and qualify the zebrafish as a powerful tool for drug screenings and pre-clinical trials.
  • 455
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Risk Factors of Surgical Morbidity and Mortality
Despite advances in surgical techniques, surgical morbidity and mortality remain important public health problems. Postoperative complications often lead to greater morbidity and mortality, as well as increased length of hospital stay and medical costs. Therefore, a reduction in postoperative complications is particularly important with regard to positive long-term outcomes in patients with cancer. To improve patients’ postoperative prognosis, it is necessary to screen for and focus on modifiable risk factors and their subsequent resolution. It was reported that nutritional status, inflammation and surgical approaches are related to postoperative morbidity and mortality.
  • 455
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the world’s leading cause of death despite the best available healthcare and therapy. Extracellular non-coding RNAs (Ex-ncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of RNAs, including small ncRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which encompass the majority of the extracellular transcriptome.
  • 455
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Clostridioides Difficile Biofilm
The microbiota inhabiting the intestinal tract provide several critical functions to its host. Microorganisms found at the mucosal layer form organized three-dimensional structures which are considered to be biofilms. Their development and functions are influenced by host factors, host-microbe interactions, and microbe-microbe interactions. These structures can dictate the health of their host by strengthening the natural defenses of the gut epithelium or cause disease by exacerbating underlying conditions. Biofilm communities can also block the establishment of pathogens and prevent infectious diseases. Although these biofilms are important for colonization resistance, new data provide evidence that gut biofilms can act as a reservoir for pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile.
  • 453
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biological Alterations Underlying Suicidal Behaviour
Suicidal behaviour is a complex, multi-factorial, polygenic and independent mental health problem caused by a combination of alterations and dysfunctions of several biological pathways and disruption of normal mechanisms in brain regions that remain poorly understood and need further investigation to be deciphered. Suicide complexity and unpredictability gained international interest as a field of research. Several studies have been conducted at the neuropathological, inflammatory, genetic, and molecular levels to uncover the triggers behind suicidal behaviour and develop convenient and effective therapeutic or at least preventive procedures.
  • 453
  • 03 Apr 2023
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