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Topic Review
Medium-Temperature CO2 Sorbents
Hydrogen is a promising energy vector, with a high calorific value (122 kJ g−1), which is being considered as the cleanest energy option, with a zero-carbon footprint, since it burns cleanly, giving water as the only product. Therefore, if linked with renewable energy sources and CO2 capture, it allows for decarbonizing a wide range of final sectors of use, providing clean power and heat to transport and stationary applications. Hydrogen is an important raw material of some industrial processes, such as hydrocracking, ammonia synthesis, methanol production, and the manufacture of hydrochloric acid; it is also a reducing agent in the steel industry.
  • 819
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Ferroptosis in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Therapy
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common pathological condition responsible for lower back pain, which can significantly increase economic and social burdens. Although considerable efforts have been made to identify potential mechanisms of disc degeneration, the treatment of IVDD is not satisfactory. Ferroptosis, a recently reported form of regulated cell death (RCD), is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and has been demonstrated to be responsible for a variety of degenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that ferroptosis is implicated in IVDD by decreasing viability and increasing extracellular matrix degradation of nucleus pulposus cells, annulus fibrosus cells, or endplate chondrocytes.
  • 819
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Se-Nanoparticles from Bacterial Biotransformation
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are gaining importance in the food and medical fields due to their antibacterial properties. The microbial inhibition of these kinds of particles has been tested in a wide range of Gram (+) and Gram (−) pathogenic bacteria. When SeNPs are synthesized by biological methods, they are called biogenic SeNPs, which have a negative charge caused by their interaction between surface and capping layer (bioorganic material), producing their high stability. 
  • 817
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Auxin's Role in Nitrate-Regulated Plant Growth and Development
As a major component of vital macromolecules such as nucleic acids, amino acids, and chlorophyll, nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plants. Although nitrogen is one of the most abundant elements in nature, accounting for about 70% of atmospheric gasses, its availability for plant uptake in the soil varies temporally and spatially. Therefore, modern agriculture relies heavily on nitrogen fertilization to maximize crop quality and yield. Auxins are a group of naturally occurring molecules derived from tryptophan, with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) being the major form of auxin. The biosynthesis of IAA is defined by a two-step metabolic pathway, in which the TAA family of aminotransferases converts tryptophan (Trp) to indole-3-pyruvate (IPA), followed by a YUC flavin monooxygenases-mediated conversion of IPA to IAA. Auxin has extensive regulatory functions in plant development. 
  • 813
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Proteomic Biomarkers of Cervical Cancer
Proteomic biomarkers are majorly categorized into four types: Diagnostic biomarkers, allow the early detection of cancer; Prognostic biomarkers, offer information about the disease’s expected progress; Therapeutic biomarkers, are proteins that can be exploited as a therapeutic target using drugs/small molecules; lastly, the predictive biomarkers basically predict a patient’s reaction to targeted therapy and thereby establish subpopulations of patients who are likely to benefit from that.
  • 812
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
TRPC Channels in SOCE Scenario
Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins form non-selective Ca2+ permeable channels that contribute to the modulation of a number of physiological functions in a variety of cell types. Since the identification of TRP proteins in Drosophila, it is well known that these channels are activated by stimuli that induce PIP2 hydrolysis. The canonical TRP (TRPC) channels have long been suggested to be constituents of the store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels; however, none of the TRPC channels generate Ca2+ currents that resemble ICRAC. STIM1 and Orai1 have been identified as the components of the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels and there is a body of evidence supporting that STIM1 is able to gate Orai1 and TRPC1 in order to mediate non-selective cation currents named ISOC. STIM1 has been found to interact to and activate Orai1 and TRPC1 by different mechanisms and the involvement of TRPC1 in store-operated Ca2+ entry requires both STIM1 and Orai1. In addition to the participation of TRPC1 in the ISOC currents, TRPC1 and other TRPC proteins might play a relevant role modulating Orai1 channel function. 
  • 811
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Cold Acclimation in Brachypodium
As sessile organisms, plants are at the mercy of an array of abiotic stresses, and, as winter approaches in mid- to high-latitudes and altitudes, one such stress is low temperature. Plants employ various strategies that allow them to recognise and cope with the cold. As autumn progresses, perennials undergo a period of cold acclimation, which in a few days of low temperature exposure allows them to physiologically prepare for freezing conditions. Such preparations include changed levels of hundreds of proteins, the accumulation of fatty acids, lipid remodelling for plasma membrane protection, increased production of cryoprotective metabolites, such as soluble sugars and amino acids, as well as chaperones and reactive oxygen scavengers. The perennial grass and model cereal, Brachypodium distachyon (hereinafter, Brachypodium), is capable of cold acclimation, reaching peak freezing tolerance after two days at 4 °C, and is associated with changes in the abundance of multiple plasma membrane proteins at 2–6 days
  • 811
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles for Coronavirus Control
Some countries have been able to overcome this global challenge by relying on vaccines against the virus, and vaccination has begun in many countries. Many of the proposed vaccines have nanoparticles as carriers, and there are different nano-based diagnostic approaches for rapid detection of the virus.
  • 811
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) represent one of the worst complications following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in general, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in particular. The clinical impact on patients is dramatic: the 5-year mortality rate following PJI equals the one of oncologic patients. On the other side, hospital readmission rates following explants already double those of many cardiac and oncologic procedures, leading to a significant burden on healthcare systems. At current times, the combination of increasing antibiotic resistance and the growth in the number of culture-negative PJI makes preventing infection a key aspect of adult reconstruction practices in order to avoid an epidemic escalation of PJI and musculoskeletal infections in general.
  • 808
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Promising Phytocompounds for Stroke
Stroke is a serious condition that results from an occlusion of blood vessels that leads to brain damage. Globally, it is the second highest cause of death, and deaths from strokes are higher in older people than in the young. There is a higher rate of cases in urban areas compared to rural due to lifestyle, food, and pollution.
  • 808
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Stroke
Stroke is a leading cause of death, long-term disability, and socioeconomic costs, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatment. During acute phase, intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a thrombolytic agent, and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), a mechanical intervention to retrieve clots, are the only FDA-approved treatments to re-establish cerebral blood flow. Due to a short therapeutic time window and high potential risk of cerebral hemorrhage, a limited number of acute stroke patients benefit from tPA treatment. Different attributes of nanoparticles are also being explored to develop a multifunctional thrombolytic agent that, in addition to a thrombolytic agent, can contain therapeutics such as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuro/vasoprotective, or imaging agent, i.e., a theragnostic agent. 
  • 808
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Transcription/Replication Conflicts in Myelomagenesis
Multiple myeloma is a hematologic cancer characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. It remains a mostly incurable disease due to the inability to overcome refractory disease and drug-resistant relapse. Oncogenic transformation of PC in multiple myeloma is thought to occur within the secondary lymphoid organs. However, the precise molecular events leading to myelomagenesis remain obscure. Here, we identified genes involved in the prevention and the resolution of conflicts between the replication and transcription significantly overexpressed during the plasma cell differentiation process and in multiple myeloma cells. We discussed the potential role of these factors in myelomagenesis.
  • 804
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Questionable Boundaries between Biological Disciplines
Recent and ongoing debates in biology and in the philosophy of biology reveal widespread dissatisfaction with the current definitions or circumscriptions, which are often vague or controversial, of key concepts such as the gene, individual, species, and homology, and even of whole disciplinary fields within the life sciences. To some extent, the long growing awareness of these conceptual issues and the contrasting views defended in their regard can be construed as a symptom of the need to revisit traditional unchallenged partitions between the specialist disciplines within the life sciences. I argue here that the current relationships between anchor disciplines (e.g., developmental biology, evolutionary biology, biology of reproduction) and nomadic concepts wandering between them is worth being explored from a reciprocal perspective, by selecting suitable anchor concepts around which disciplinary fields can flexibly move. Two examples are offered: a generalized anchor concept of generation that may suggests new perspectives on development and reproduction) and a species concept as unit of representation of biological diversity that may lead to a taxonomic pluralism to be managed with suitable adjustments of current nomenclature rules.
  • 804
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Levodopa/Receptor Ligands in Parkinson’s Disease
Levodopa (LD) is the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, although it represents the “gold standard” of PD therapy, LD can cause side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms as well as transient elevated liver enzyme levels. Moreover, LD therapy leads to LD-induced dyskinesia (LID), a disabling motor complication that represents a major challenge for the clinical neurologist. Due to the many limitations associated with LD therapeutic use, other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic receptor drugs, including serotoninergic, gluamatergic and noradrenergic receptor ligands, are being developed to optimize the treatment response.
  • 801
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Interplay between Enucleated Sieve Elements and Companion Cells
In order to adapt to sessile life and terrestrial environments, vascular plants have developed highly sophisticated cells to transport photosynthetic products and developmental signals. Of these, two distinct cell types (i.e., the sieve element (SE) and companion cell) are arranged in precise positions, thus ensuring effective transport.
  • 799
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Inflammatory Biomarkers and Gait Impairment in Older Adults
Peripheral inflammation and gait speed alterations are common in several neurological disorders and in the aging process, but the association between the two is not well established. Biomarkers play an important role in the decision-making process, and IL-6 can be an effective biomarker in establishing the diagnosis of slow gait speed. Further longitudinal research is needed to establish the use of molecular biomarkers in monitoring gait impairment.
  • 798
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Informational Perspective on Evolutionary Theory
Countless informational proposals and models have explored the singular characteristics of biological systems: from the initial choice of information terms in the early days of molecular biology to the current bioinformatic avalanche in this “omic” era. Herein we propose an enlarged informational perspective, grounded on the information flow and coding mechanisms in the living cell, and extended along the complexity growth in the evolutionary process.
  • 796
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gut as an Alternative Entry Route for SARS-CoV-2
The gut has been proposed as a potential alternative entry route for SARS-CoV-2. This was mainly based on the high levels of SARS-CoV-2 receptor expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the observations of GI disorders (such as diarrhea) in some COVID-19 patients and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces. SARS-CoV-2 can productively infect enterocytes, damaging the intestinal barrier and contributing to inflammatory response, which might lead to GI manifestations, including diarrhea.
  • 795
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CDK4/6 Inhibitors’ Resistance Mechanisms
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and its functional homolog CDK6 are two structurally related kinases with biochemical and biological similarities. Despite having few differences in some of their activities, these enzymes are constantly expressed throughout the cell cycle and, with their partners, D-cyclins, are fundamental for integrating mitogenic and antimitogenic extracellular signals, among which stimulating factors, cytokines, cell–cell contacts and other factors are included, representing a boundary between the environment and the cell cycle machinery. The cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex is a driving force that controls the transition from the G1 to the S phases. Also, the INK4 (the cyclin D-CDK4/6 inhibitor molecule) retinoblastoma protein (pRb) pathway regulates cellular proliferation by controlling the G1 to the S cell cycle checkpoint. The dysregulation of this pathway is frequently observed in cancer and contributes to cell cycle progression and persistent growth. CDK4/6 mediates the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase by associating with D-type cyclins and regulating the phosphorylation state of pRb. Unphosphorylated pRb binds and represses the functions of the E2 family (E2F) transcription factors; upon phosphorylation, pRb dissociates from the E2F transcription factors, freeing them to be able to participate in DNA replication and cell division.
  • 795
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches for Parkinson’s Disease and Gut Microbiota
The bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the Central Nervous System, the so-called gut microbiota brain axis (GMBA), deeply affects brain function and has an important impact on the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), gastrointestinal symptoms often precede the onset of motor and non-motor manifestations, and alterations in the GM composition accompany disease pathogenesis. Several studies have been conducted to unravel the role of dysbiosis and intestinal permeability in PD onset and progression, but the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of GM modifying approaches remain to be fully elucidated. 
  • 792
  • 31 Oct 2022
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