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Topic Review
Tenascin-C-Targeted Drug Delivery
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that participates in cell adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation. TNC is expressed at a low level in healthy adult tissues, yet it is upregulated substantially and specifically in response to tissue injury.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Based Drug Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play major roles in intracellular communication and participate in several biological functions in both normal and pathological conditions. Surface modification of EVs via various ligands, such as proteins, peptides, or aptamers, offers great potential as a means to achieve targeted delivery of therapeutic cargo, i.e., in drug delivery systems (DDS). This study summarizes recent studies pertaining to the development of EV-based DDS and its advantages compared to conventional nano drug delivery systems (NDDS). 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Role of the Microbiota in Lung Cancer
The microbiota is increasingly recognized as a critical player in cancer onset, progression, and response to chemotherapy treatment. In recent years, several preclinical and clinical studies have evidenced the involvement of microbiota in lung cancer, one of the world’s deadliest cancers. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Differential Co-Expression Analyses
Biological systems respond to perturbations through the rewiring of molecular interactions, organised in gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Among these, the increasingly high availability of transcriptomic data makes gene co-expression networks the most exploited ones. Differential co-expression networks are useful tools to identify changes in response to an external perturbation, such as mutations predisposing to cancer development, and leading to changes in the activity of gene expression regulators or signalling. They can help explain the robustness of cancer cells to perturbations and identify promising candidates for targeted therapy, moreover providing higher specificity with respect to standard co-expression methods.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Drug Repurposing in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. Common treatments include active surveillance, surgery, or radiation. Androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy are usually reserved for advanced disease or biochemical recurrence, such as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), but they are not considered curative because PCa cells eventually develop drug resistance. The need for novel therapeutic approaches is necessary under these circumstances. An alternative way to treat PCa is by repurposing of existing drugs that were initially intended for other conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
RAS Mutations in Thyroid Cancer
The significance of RAS mutations as a prognostic marker has changed in recent years. At the beginning, RAS mutations were considered a promoter of progressive dedifferentiation in benign nodules, and as such a risk factor for evolution from adenoma to carcinoma, therefore a marker of poorer prognosis in DTC. It is clear now that the impact of RAS mutations on thyroid cell, normal and transformed, and the impact on the clinical behavior of thyroid neoplasms must not to be considered by itself but rather together with other genetic abnormalities in a more complex contest.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Protein Lipidation
Proteins play indispensable roles in maintaining cell survival, and their functions are often regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), in which proteins are proteolytically cleaved or enzymatically conjugated with modifying groups. Various enzymes, including kinases, phosphatases, transferases, and ligases, catalyze approximately 500 discrete PTMs of a diverse set of proteins. PTMs regulate diverse activities of a colossal number of proteins. For example, various types of lipids can be covalently linked to proteins enzymatically or non-enzymatically. Protein lipidation is perhaps not as extensively studied as protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, or glycosylation although it is no less significant than these modifications. Evidence suggests that proteins can be attached by at least seven types of lipids, including fatty acids, lipoic acids, isoprenoids, sterols, phospholipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, and lipid-derived electrophiles.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders in Development
Breast cancer is a common type of cancer among women. One type, estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), is treated with endocrine therapies. However, some patients develop resistance to these therapies, which is a challenge. Scientists have developed second-generation drugs called selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) that can overcome the limitations of the existing treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
ICIs for Locally Advanced Resectable ESCC
Esophageal cancer has a high mortality rate and a poor prognosis, with more than one-third of patients receiving a diagnosis of locally advanced cancer. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the dominant histological subtype of esophageal cancer in Asia and Eastern Europe. Although neoadjuvant or definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has been the standard treatment for locally advanced ESCC, patient outcomes remain unsatisfactory, with recurrence rates as high as 30–50%. The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and CRT has emerged as a novel strategy to treat esophageal cancer, and it may have a synergistic action and provide greater efficacy.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Target Nanoparticles against Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is the most common lethal tumor in America. This lethality is related to limited treatment options. Conventional treatments involve the non-specific use of chemotherapeutical agents such as 5-FU, capecitabine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, or irinotecan, which produce several side effects. The principal objective of nanoparticles is reduction of the side effects that conventional treatments produce, mostly because of their non-specificity. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Therapies for Metastatic Thyroid Cancer
In this Review Article, we discuss the molecular landscape of thyroid cancer and the published and ongoing clinical studies focused on targeted therapies for advanced thyroid cancer. This article serves as a concise resource with up to date literature about this rapidly evolving field.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Integrin α6β4 in Colorectal Cancer
Integrin α6β4 is one of the main laminin receptors and is primarily expressed by epithelial cells as an active component of hemidesmosomes. In this article, after a brief summary about integrins in the gut epithelium in general, I review the knowledge and clinical potential of this receptor in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Most CRC cells overexpress both α6 and β4 subunits, in situ in primary tumours as well as in established CRC cell lines. The mechanisms that lead to overexpression have not yet been elucidated but clearly involve specific transcription factors such as MYC. From a functional point of view, one key element affecting CRC cell behaviour is the relocalization of α6β4 to the actin cytoskeleton, favouring a more migratory and anoikis-resistant phenotype. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Tumour Immune Microenvironment
Targeting altered tumour metabolism is an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The metabolic reprogramming that accompanies the development of malignancy creates targetable differences between cancer cells and normal cells, which may be exploited for therapy. In this entry, we focus on the metabolic dysregulation exerted by tumour cells on the immune microenvironment, leading to tumour immunosuppression. This metabolic rewiring and crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment also play a key role in cell proliferation, metastasis, and the development of treatment resistance. Nonetheless, greater understanding of the metabolic crosstalk presents strategies that aid in the precision targeting of altered tumour metabolism, including therapeutic strategies combining metabolic inhibition with immunotherapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
The Adaptor Protein p66Shc
p66Shc is an adaptor protein with anti-mitogenic, anti-chemotactic, pro-apoptotic and pro-oxidant activities.  Neoplastic B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients  have a profound deficiency in the expression of p66Shc which results in leukemic cell resistance to apoptosis and in an altered balance between homing and egress receptors that control B cell homing to and residency into the pro-survival lymphoid niche. Ablation of the gene encoding p66Shc in the Eμ-TCL1 mouse model of human CLL worsens disease presentation  by promoting leukemic cell invasiveness, providing in vivo evidence of the pathogenic role of the p66Shc defect in CLL pathogenesis. Here we briefly summarize the functions of p66Shc in lymphocytes, focalizing on the mechanisms exploited by p66Shc to control B cell trafficking and the abnormalities in this process caused by p66Shc deficiency in CLL. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cancer Vaccines
Therapeutic cancer vaccines target TAAs alongside adjuvant molecules that can elicit specific antibodies or cytotoxic immune responses against cancer cells. There are different ways to present TAAs to the immune system. DNA and RNA encoding TAAs or whole peptides can be recognized and processed by the APCs; tumor cell lines express TAAs and can chemotactically attract APCs; viral vectors transfect APCs after being loaded with prespecified antigens; finally, DCs act as APCs and can be loaded with TAAs.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy in Breast Cancer
Boron neutron capture (BNCT) is a biologically targeted, densely ionizing form of radiation therapy that allows for increased tumor cell kill, while reducing toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes in Cancer Therapy
Exosomes are nano-vesicle-shaped particles secreted by various cells, including cancer cells.  Many studies have focused on the bioactive molecules that they export as exosomal cargo. These molecules can function as biomarkers in diagnosis or play a relevant role in modulating the immune system and in promoting apoptosis, cancer development and progression.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids and Peripheral Neuropathy
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating condition that severely reduces the quality of life of a considerable proportion of cancer patients. There is no cure for CIPN to date. Here, we explore the potential of flavonoids as pharmacological agents in combating CIPN. Flavonoids alleviate CIPN by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal damage, among other mechanisms.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cancer Therapy Resistance
Neutrophils and their products are increasingly recognized to have a key influence on cancer progression and response to therapy. Their involvement has been shown in nearly every aspect of cancer pathophysiology with growing evidence now supporting their role in resistance to a variety of cancer therapies. Recently, the role of neutrophils in cancer progression and therapy resistance has been further complicated with the discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are web-like structures of chromatin decorated with a variety of microbicidal proteins. They are released by neutrophils in a process called NETosis. NET-dependent mechanisms of cancer pathology are beginning to be appreciated, particularly with respect to tumor response to chemo-, immuno-, and radiation therapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gastrin/ECL Cells in Gastric Cancer
The enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell has long been acknowledged to give rise to neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), but not to play any role in carcinogenesis of gastric adenocarcinomas. However, when examining human gastric adenocarcinomas with the best methods presently available (immunohistochemistry with increased sensitivity and in-situ hybridization), it became clear that many of these cancers expressed neuroendocrine markers, suggesting that some of these tumours were of neuroendocrine, and more specifically, ECL cell origin. Furthermore, the carcinogenic effect of Helicobacter pylori is also most probably mediated by gastrin. Thus, the ECL cell and its main regulator, gastrin, are central in human gastric carcinogenesis, which make new possibilities in prevention, prophylaxis, and treatment of this cancer. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Dec 2020
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