Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Tenascin-C-Targeted Drug Delivery
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that participates in cell adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation. TNC is expressed at a low level in healthy adult tissues, yet it is upregulated substantially and specifically in response to tissue injury.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Genomic Landscape of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is composed of many reactive and only a few cancer cells, so-called Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) or lymphocyte predominant (LP) cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy in Breast Cancer
Boron neutron capture (BNCT) is a biologically targeted, densely ionizing form of radiation therapy that allows for increased tumor cell kill, while reducing toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Carcinogenesis
The exosome-mediated crosstalk between cancer and non-cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the acquisition of all hallmarks of cancer and leads to the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which exhibit resistance to a range of anticancer drugs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Metformin in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Metformin is a synthetic biguanide that improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Aside being the first-line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), many pleiotropic effects have been discovered in recent years, such as its capacity to reduce cancer risk and tumorigenesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
NRF2 Pathway
The NRF2 pathway represents one of the most intriguing pathways that promotes chemo- and radioresistance of neoplastic cells. Increasing findings suggest that the NRF2 signaling can be modulated by multiple epigenetic factors such as noncoding RNAs, which influence a large number of oncogenic mechanisms, both at transcriptional and at post-transcriptional levels. As a consequence, the identification and characterization of specific noncoding RNAs as biomarkers related to oxidative stress may help to clarify the relationship between them and NRF2 signaling in the tumor context, in terms of positive and negative modulation, also referring to their intersection with other NRF2 crosstalking pathways.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Bladder Cancer
The overwhelming majority of bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas. Albeit mostly monotonous, carcinomas in the bladder may occasionally display a broad spectrum of histological features that should be recognized by pathologists because some of them represent a diagnostic problem and/or lead prognostic implications. Sometimes these features are focal in the context of conventional transitional cell carcinomas, but some others are generalized across the tumor making its recognition a challenge. For practical purposes, the review distributes the morphologic spectrum of changes in architecture and cytology. Thus, nested and large nested, micropapillary, myxoid stroma, small tubules and adenoma nephrogenic-like, microcystic, verrucous, and diffuse lymphoepithelioma-like, on one hand, and plasmacytoid, signet ring, basaloid-squamous, yolk-sac, trophoblastic, rhabdoid, lipid/lipoblastic, giant, clear, eosinophilic (oncocytoid), and sarcomatoid, on the other, are revisited. Key histological and immunohistochemical features useful in the differential diagnosis are mentioned. In selected cases, molecular data associated with the diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment are also included.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Monocyte in the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is well-known for being a leading cause of death worldwide. It is classified molecularly into luminal A, luminal B HER2−, luminal B HER2+, HER2+, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). These subtypes differ in their prognosis; thus, understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) makes new treatment strategies possible. The TME contains populations that exhibit anti-tumorigenic actions such as tumor-associated eosinophils. Moreover, it contains pro-tumorigenic populations such as tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), or monocyte-derived populations. The monocyte-derived populations are tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and MDSCs. Thus, a monocyte can be considered a maestro within the TME. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Therapy for EWS-FLI1 in Ewing Sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a highly aggressive and metastatic cancer in children and adolescents. Canonical therapy mainly comprises the combination of intensive chemotherapy, radiation, and local surgery, which give rise to acute and chronic adverse effects. Drugs targeting EwS without side effects are in urgent demand. Genetically, EwS is characterized by chromosomal translocations with a low mutation burden. As a result, the chimeric protein EWS-ETS, mainly EWS-FLI1(85%), is critical for the malignancy of EwS. EWS-FLI1 directly binds to GGAA microsatellites in enhancers and promotors of the target genes and recruits multiple transcription factors or epigenetic regulators to reprogramme the epigenome.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cancer Therapy Resistance
Neutrophils and their products are increasingly recognized to have a key influence on cancer progression and response to therapy. Their involvement has been shown in nearly every aspect of cancer pathophysiology with growing evidence now supporting their role in resistance to a variety of cancer therapies. Recently, the role of neutrophils in cancer progression and therapy resistance has been further complicated with the discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are web-like structures of chromatin decorated with a variety of microbicidal proteins. They are released by neutrophils in a process called NETosis. NET-dependent mechanisms of cancer pathology are beginning to be appreciated, particularly with respect to tumor response to chemo-, immuno-, and radiation therapy. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles-Based Targeted Drug Delivery
Several organic and inorganic nanoplatforms that have been designed exploiting the distinctive features of the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells offer favorable physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles of a parent drug, with delivery of higher amounts of the drug to the pathological site and its controlled release, thereby improving the balance between its efficacy and toxicity. Advances to this front have included the design and construction of targeted nanoparticles by conjugating homing devices like peptide, ligand, and Fab on the surface of nanomaterials to navigate nanoparticle drug complexes towards the target tumor cell with minimal destruction of healthy cells. Furthermore, actively targeting nanoparticles can facilitate the delivery and cellular uptake of nanoparticle-loaded drug constructs via binding with specific receptors expressed aberrantly on the surface of a tumor cell. Herein, we present an overview of the principle of targeted delivery approaches, exploiting drug-nanoparticle conjugates with multiple targeting moieties to target specific receptors of breast cancer cells and highlighting therapeutic evaluation in preclinical studies. We conclude that an understanding of the translational gap and challenges would show the possible future directions to foster the development of novel targeted nanotherapeutics. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are most often located in the lung and in the digestive tract. They are defined by the expression of specific biomarkers, such as synaptophysin and chromogranin A (CGA), which can be absent in high-grade NEN. Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors are a subgroup of NEN presenting with well-differentiated morphology and high proliferation rate (Ki-67>20%).
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a type of targeted radiotherapy. BNCT shows promising results in treating lung cancer, recurrent head and neck cancer, sarcomas, and high grade brain tumors.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Synergistically Anti-Multiple: Flavonoid, Non-Flavonoid Polyphenols, and Bortezomib
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell tumor originating from a post-mitotic lymphoid B-cell lineage. When two or more medications are combined to improve their therapeutic effects, this is referred to as drug synergism. For various diseases, including MM, appropriate drug combinations can reduce drug resistance or maximize efficacy. Bortezomib (BTZ), as a clinically used protease inhibitor, is a cornerstone of Velcade, Revlimid, and Dexamethasone (VRD).  Flavonoids and non-flavonoid polyphenols are potential supportive therapies to address some of the challenges faced in BTZ treatment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Natural Products against DDP-Induced Apoptosis
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), DDP) is an antineoplastic agent widely used in the treatment of solid tumors because of its extensive cytotoxic activity. However, the main limiting side effect of DDP use is nephrotoxicity, a rapid deterioration in kidney function due to toxic chemicals. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), a class of epigenetic processes, are molecules that regulate gene expression under physiological and pathological conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most characterized class of ncRNAs and are engaged in many cellular processes. DDP-induced nephrotoxicity can present in a several ways, but the most common and serious presentation is acute kidney injury (AKI), which occurs in 20–30% of patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
L-Ascorbic Acid for Non-Melanoma Cancer
L-ascorbic acid, is a well-known molecule, sometimes used as antioxidant for skin care. Nonetheless, few studies have taken in account its utility as topical treatment for non-melanoma skin cancer. Non-melanoma skin cancer includes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and is widespread worldwide with an increasing incidence.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dual Kinase Targeting in Leukemia
Pharmacological cancer therapy is often based on the concurrent inhibition of different survival pathways to improve treatment outcomes and to reduce the risk of relapses. While this strategy is traditionally pursued only through the co-administration of several drugs, the recent development of multi-targeting drugs (i.e., compounds intrinsically able to simultaneously target several macromolecules involved in cancer onset) has had a dramatic impact on cancer treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanostructures for Cancer Immunotherapy
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent an attractive class of nanomaterials due to their unique physical and chemical features that allow them to respond specifically to magnetic fields. Among the magnetic class of materials, iron oxide-based nanoparticles are the only inorganic nanomaterials that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical applications. Magnetic nanomaterials are particularly appealing for cancer immunotherapy due to their unique features, which include (i) the traceability of their signal by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or by magnetic particle imaging (MPI) techniques ; (ii) their exploitation as carriers to promote the accumulation and the efficient delivery of biotherapeutic compounds, such as genes and peptides, into a specific target cell or tissue; (iii) their ability to mediate the elimination of cancer cells through the production of a local thermo-ablative effect when exposed to an external alternating magnetic field, referred to as magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT); and (iv) their intrinsic immunomodulatory properties that can be harnessed to further promote or modulate the immune function.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Association of Gut Microbiota in Gastrointestinal-Cancer Therapies
The gut microbiome of patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoes specific changes during different therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Likewise, complications of these therapies are associated with specific changes in the microbiome. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Therapies for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a five-year survival rate of less than 8%. It can be classed into endocrine and exocrine tumours with PDAC, a form of exocrine pancreatic cancer, the most common form. The high mortality rate associated with PDAC is primarily due to delayed diagnosis and tumour resistance to chemotherapy. A broad range of non-specific symptoms are associated with PDAC such as abdominal pain, jaundice, dry/itchy skin, steatorrhoea, and bilirubinuria. Surgery is the primary treatment option, with chemotherapy being administered as adjuvant therapy in select cases.  Resistance to chemotherapy has become a critical problem in the treatment of PDAC, with most patients displaying resistance patterns. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Sep 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback