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Topic Review
Venom Insulin Derived from Cone Snails
Cone snails possess a diverse array of novel peptide toxins, which selectively target ion channels and receptors in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. These numerous novel peptide toxins are a valuable resource for future marine drug development. 
  • 542
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Autologous Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogeneous, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by small vessel vasculopathy, autoantibodies production, and fibroblast activation leading to fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Autologous hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (AHSCT) has been employed as treatment for severe systemic sclerosis (SSc) with high risk of organ failure. In the last 25 years overall survival and treatment-related mortality have improved, in accordance with a better patient selection and mobilization and conditioning protocols. 
  • 537
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Resistance of Hypoxia in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) surpasses other breast cancer (BC) subtypes as the most challenging to treat due to its lack of traditional BC biomarkers. Nearly 30% of TNBC patients express the androgen receptor (AR), and the blockade of androgen production and AR signaling have been the cornerstones of therapies for AR-positive TNBC. However, the majority of women are resistant to AR-targeted therapy, which is a major impediment to improving outcomes for the AR-positive TNBC subpopulation. The hypoxia signaling cascade is frequently activated in the tumor microenvironment in response to low oxygen levels; activation of the hypoxia signaling cascade allows tumors to survive despite hypoxia-mediated interference with cellular metabolism. The activation of hypoxia signaling networks in TNBC promotes resistance to most anticancer drugs including AR inhibitors. The activation of hypoxia network signaling occurs more frequently in TNBC compared to other BC subtypes. 
  • 535
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in both males and females, with the highest mortality worldwide, causing 21% of total cancer-related deaths. The notion of artificial intelligence (AI) was initially proposed by John McCarthy in 1956. It involves using computer systems and technology to replicate human-like intelligent behavior and critical thinking abilities. In the realm of medicine, AI is divided into two main categories: virtual and physical. The virtual branch is further categorized into machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL).
  • 530
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mast Cell Involvement in the Musculoskeletal Diseases
There has been a noteworthy revival of interest in the function of mast cells (MCs) in the human body. It is now acknowledged that MCs impact a wide array of processes beyond just allergies, leading to a shift in research direction.
  • 525
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Astroglial Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury Management
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) represents a significant health concern, necessitating advanced therapeutic interventions. Following injury, astrocytes exhibit reactive transformations, differentiating into pro-inflammatory (A1) and neuroprotective (A2) phenotypes. 
  • 525
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of T1DM
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a polygenic multifactorial disease based on immune-mediated or idiopathic destruction of pancreatic β-cells resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. T1DM is the most common form of diabetes in children and adolescents worldwide.
  • 524
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Peptide-Based Vaccine against Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is considered the second-leading cancer after lung cancer and is the most prevalent cancer among women globally. Cancer immunotherapy via vaccine has gained great attention due to specific and targeted immune cell activity that creates a potent immune response, thus providing long-lasting protection against the disease.
  • 523
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Radiopharmaceutical Applications of 64Cu Isotope
Cancer theragnostics is a novel approach that combines diagnostic imaging and radionuclide therapy. It is based on the use of a pair of radiopharmaceuticals, one optimized for positron emission tomography imaging through linkage to a proper radionuclide, and the other bearing an alpha- or beta-emitter isotope that can induce significant damage to cancer cells. The 64Cu isotope has been proposed as an effective metallic radionuclide for the development of theragnostic radiopharmaceuticals. 64CuCl2 is a promising agent for different types of tumors, including prostate cancer and glioblastoma. 
  • 521
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Heat Shock Proteins-Based Therapies for Cancer
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are extensively distributed throughout cells. They play a crucial role as molecular chaperones and regulate various cellular processes, such as metabolism, growth, differentiation, cell signaling, and programmed cell death. However, in cancers, HSPs are frequently overexpressed and associated with tumor advancement and metastasis, as well as in acquiring drug resistance against chemotherapeutic agents, leading to poor prognosis. Thus, the expression of HSPs can be modulated to imitate the cellular response against cancer cells by targeting the tumor microenvironment through different mechanisms.
  • 517
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
microRNAs Associated with Carotid Plaque Development and Vulnerability
Ischemic stroke (IS) related to atherosclerosis of large arteries is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in developed countries. Atherosclerotic internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) contributes to 20% of all cerebral ischemia cases. Atherosclerosis prevention and treatment measures aim at controlling the atherosclerosis risk factors, or at the interventional (surgical or endovascular) management of mature occlusive lesions. Studies emphasize that microRNA (miRNA) are the emerging particles that could potentially play a pivotal role in this approach.
  • 516
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in COVID-19 Treatment
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which counts more than 650 million cases and more than 6.6 million of deaths worldwide, affects the respiratory system with typical symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and fatigue. Uumbilical-cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs)  could be a potent tool against phlogistic status, not only during the last pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, but also for other future pandemic or respiratory tract inflammatory diseases. However, a series of challenges still lies ahead, comprising the accomplishment of all the tests required by the regulatory bodies.
  • 516
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphism and Regulation of Its Activity
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an enzyme encoded by the MTHFR gene composed of 12 exons and located on chromosome 1p36.22. Its total length is 20,374 bp. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key regulatory enzyme in the one-carbon cycle. This enzyme is essential for the metabolism of methionine, folate, and RNA, as well as for the production of proteins, DNA, and RNA. MTHFR catalyses the irreversible conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to its active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a co-substrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine.
  • 512
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure and CKD
Heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with high mortality. In both disorders, impaired iron homeostasis, mostly in the form of a functional iron deficiency, is a frequent co-morbidity. In HF, functional iron deficiency and management by i.v. iron supplementation have been proven to affect both prognosis and functional capacity. In the same context, iron supplementation is routine for the adequate management of renal anemia in CKD.
  • 508
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Snake Venom Disintegrins in Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological conditions. Snake venom disintegrins (SVDs) have been identified as significant regulators of this process.
  • 508
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Role of Oxidative Stress in Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease are among the most common non-communicable diseases in the developed world, with increasing prevalence. Patients with acute kidney injury are at an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. One of kidney injury’s most common clinical sequelae is increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nnew insights into the pathophysiology of renal damage have been made. Oxidative stress is the imbalance favoring the increased generation of ROS and/or reduced body’s innate antioxidant defense mechanisms and is of pivotal importance, not only in the development and progression of kidney disease but also in understanding the enhanced cardiovascular risk in these patients.
  • 506
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress as Regulatory Checkpoint in Antiphospholipid Autoantibodies
Oxidative stress is a well-known hallmark of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS), a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by arterial and venous thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity. Oxidative stress may affect various signaling pathways and biological processes, promoting dysfunctional immune responses and inflammation, inducing apoptosis, deregulating autophagy and impairing mitochondrial function. The chronic oxidative stress and the dysregulation of the immune system leads to the loss of tolerance, which drives autoantibody production and inflammation with the development of endothelial dysfunction. In particular, anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL), which target phospholipids and/or phospholipid binding proteins, mainly β-glycoprotein I (β-GPI), play a functional role in the cell signal transduction pathway(s), thus contributing to oxidative stress and thrombotic events. An oxidation–antioxidant imbalance may be detected in the blood of patients with APS as a reflection of disease progression. 
  • 506
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Disrupting the Mood and Obesity Cycle
Mounting evidence links obesity, metabolic dysfunction, mood, and cognition. Compromised metabolic health and psychological functioning worsen clinical outcomes, diminish quality of life, and contribute to comorbid conditions. As a medication with both insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects, metformin affords the exciting opportunity to abrogate the bidirectional relationship between poor metabolic health and psychological function.
  • 504
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Activity-Based Therapies in Stroke Neurorehabilitation
Activity-based therapies are the key component of stroke neurorehabilitation. The principle of these therapies is to provide structuralized activities with adequate quantity and quality to induce plasticity for recovery. However, there are many challenges in clinical and research settings, including a lack of standardization, limited dose and intensity, and variability of responders. While the therapies with favorable plasticity use high intensity in animal studies with a range of 300–800 repetitions, achieving similar intensity in clinical settings has been challenging. 
  • 496
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanobodies for HER2+ Breast Cancer
The serendipitous discovery of nanobodies (NBs) opened the door to new possibilities for innovative strategies, particularly in cancer treatment. These antigen-binding fragments are derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies naturally found in the serum of camelids and sharks. NBs are an appealing agent for the progress of innovative therapeutic strategies because they combine the advantageous assets of smaller molecules and conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 
  • 493
  • 01 Jun 2023
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