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Topic Review
Current Source Inverter Power Converters in Photovoltaic Systems
Grid converters play a central role in renewable energy conversion. Current source inverter (CSI) can play a pivotal role in ensuring the seamless conversion of solar-generated energy with the electricity grid, thereby facilitating stable and reliable integration of solar photovoltaic systems.
  • 643
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Flexible Current Control Strategies Applied to LVRT Capability
Distributed power generation plays a critical role in the stability and reliability of modern power systems. Due to the rapid growth of renewable energy generation, the requirements of the transmission and distribution system operators are becoming more stringent. Among these requirements, one of the most important is the Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability, which demands that the inverters remain connected to the grid and provide support during voltage sags. For this purpose, flexible current control algorithms stand out because they can manage unbalanced voltages and simultaneously achieve other control objectives.
  • 642
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Time-Sensitive Networking Standards and Applications for Intelligent Driving
The time-sensitive networking (TSN) family of standards is a tool set that offers reliability, determinism and time synchronization for safety-critical automotive communications over Ethernet links. The TSN standards leverage the previous work conducted within the IEEE 802.1 Working Group on IEEE audio video bridging (AVB). TSN is a set of specifications standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 work group (WG), the predecessor of which is audio video bridging (AVB).
  • 641
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Utau
UTAU is a Japanese singing synthesizer application created by Ameya/Ayame (飴屋／菖蒲). This program is similar to the VOCALOID software, with the difference being it is shareware instead of under a third party licensing.
  • 640
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DO-160
DO-160, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment is a standard for the environmental testing of avionics hardware. It is published by the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) and supersedes DO-138.
  • 638
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Battery Cells
Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. 
  • 637
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Application of Additional Conductive Layers
Polymer composites are at increasingly used as structural materials replacing metal alloys due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. The conductivity of epoxy resin, depending on its type, ranges from 10−17 to 10−12 S/cm, so it is classified as an insulator, i.e., a material with a conductivity below 10−12 S/cm, while carbon fiber is about 6 × 102 S/cm, which allows it to be classified as a semiconductor, i.e., a material whose conductivity is between 10−12 and 103 S/cm. The EP/CF composite, on the other hand, has a conductivity of about 10−4–10−2 S/cm, that is, it also classifies as a semiconductor. The methods to improve the conductivity have been categorized into three groups: modification of the matrix with conductive fillers, modification of the composite reinforcement, and addition of layers with increased electrical conductivity to the composite. 
  • 637
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Flexible Sensors for Blood Pressure Monitoring
Flexible sensors have been extensively employed in wearable technologies for physiological monitoring given the technological advancement in recent years. Conventional sensors made of silicon or glass substrates may be limited by their rigid structures, bulkiness, and incapability for continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure (BP). Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received considerable attention in fabrication of flexible sensors due to their large surface area-to-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and lightweight.
  • 637
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Energy Sustainability in Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are considered to be among the most important scientific domains. Yet, the exploitation of WSNs suffers from the severe energy restrictions of their electronic components. For this reason there are numerous scientific methods that have been proposed aiming to achieve the extension of the lifetime of WSNs, either by energy saving or energy harvesting or through energy transfer. 
  • 633
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
All-Dielectric Metasurface for Sensing Microcystin-LR
Microcystin is a kind of biotoxin widely found in freshwater bodies across the world. It is one of the indicators of water eutrophication which makes water consumption harmful to human beings. Microcystin can inhibit the production of protein phosphatase in cells and exposure to microcystin can severely damage organs, including liver, intestines, lungs, and kidneys. There are many variants of microcystin, such as MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR (L, R, and Y stand for leucine, arginine, and tyrosine, respectively). Among them, MC-LR is the most common and the most toxic variant. 
  • 629
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Political-Optimizer-Based Energy-Management System for Microgrids
A fitting solution to the sustainable-development conundrum is the microgrid. It can also be seen as a concept that is partly responsible for the changes in the topology of the power system. A microgrid is consisted of renewable energy sources such as solar PV panels, a micro-hydro power plant, a fuel cell with a hydrogen storage tank and a Li-ion storage unit.
  • 629
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles
Concern about environmental problems, including the greenhouse effect, directly related to the gases produced by vehicles, has led governments and various organizations to promote standards on fuel use and gas emissions.
  • 628
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Online Ageing Detection in Transformer Oil
Transformers play an essential role in power networks, ensuring that generated power gets to consumers at the safest voltage level. However, they are prone to insulation failure from ageing, which has fatal and economic consequences if left undetected or unattended. Traditional detection methods are based on scheduled maintenance practices that often involve taking samples from in situ transformers and analysing them in laboratories using several techniques. This conventional method exposes the engineer performing the test to hazards, requires specialised training, and does not guarantee reliable results because samples can be contaminated during collection and transportation. Researchers review the transformer oil types and some traditional ageing detection methods, including breakdown voltage (BDV), spectroscopy, dissolved gas analysis, total acid number, interfacial tension, and corresponding regulating standards. In addition, a review of sensors, technologies to improve the reliability of online ageing detection, and related online transformer ageing systems. A non-destructive online ageing detection method for in situ transformer oil is a better alternative to the traditional offline detection method. Moreover, when combined with the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence, a prescriptive maintenance solution emerges, offering more advantages and robustness than offline preventive maintenance approaches
  • 627
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Congestion Alleviation in the Deregulated Power System
Economic and geographical constraints led to reforms and deregulations in the power system to utilize resources optimally within the existing framework. The major hindrance in the efficient operation of the deregulated power system (DPS) is congestion, which is the result of the participation of private players under deregulation policies.
  • 626
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Carbon-Coated SiO2 for Li-Ion Batteries
Li-ion battery technology is at the core of the imminent massive vehicle electrification due to the forecast growth penetration rate of electrified vehicles. In this cutting-edge Li-ion battery technology, silicon seems to be the most promising candidate for next-generation Li-ion battery technology due to its high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh·g−1 (compared to 372 mAh·g−1 for graphite). Shifting to silicon as an anode material has the potential to deliver higher energy density for the batteries. The anode of a Li-ion battery should operate at low potentials and offer high specific energy capacity and density.
  • 625
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Characterization of Planar Magnetics
High-power density and high-efficiency power converters have become popular in a wide range of industrial applications including telecommunications, automotive, aerospace, and data processing. When it comes to achieving high power density, it is inevitable that switch-mode power converters will need to be utilized. High-frequency power-conversion applications are increasingly using planar magnetic devices to replace traditional transformers and inductors.
  • 625
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
ML-Based Classification Algorithms for SCIM
In industry, electric motors such as the squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) generate motive power and are particularly popular due to their low acquisition cost, strength, and robustness. Along with these benefits, they have minimal maintenance costs and can run for extended periods before requiring repair and/or maintenance. Early fault detection in SCIMs, especially at low-load conditions, further helps minimize maintenance costs and mitigate abrupt equipment failure when loading is increased. 
  • 624
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Ka-Band Power Amplifier
With the increase in the demand for high-speed transmission communication, satellite communication is developing rapidly. Because of the bandwidth capacity, the K/Ka band is considered the mainstream frequency band of satellite communication. The performance of a power amplifier (PA) directly affects the power of the transmitter, so the application of a power amplifier in Ka-band satellite communication is very important.
  • 623
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Low-Toxicity Perovskite Applications
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with earth-abundant carbon as an effective replacer for unstable hole transporting materials and expensive electrodes is a recently proposed structure promising better air and moisture stability.
  • 622
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Approach of Hosting Capacity Analysis
Distribution network operators face technical and operational challenges in integrating the increasing number of distributed energy resources (DER) with the distribution network. The hosting capacity analysis quantifies the level of DER penetration on the network without violating power supply qualities, such as over voltage, under voltage, transformer and feeder overloading, and protection failures that may be caused due to the high penetration of the DER. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques could be a useful tool for quantifying the hosting capacity of the network, real-time monitoring of the DER and network parameters and ensuring quality power supply to the consumers.
  • 622
  • 27 Feb 2023
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