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Topic Review
The 5G Spectrum Standardization
The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is an office within the United States Department of Energy. Formed from other energy agencies after the 1973 energy crisis, EERE is led by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Assistant Secretary), who is appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Kelly Speakes-Backman was appointed Acting Assistant Secretary in January 2021.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Optical Fiber Current Sensors
Optical fiber current sensor is a kind of smart grid equipment, and its principle utilizes the magnetostrictive effect of magnetostrictive materials.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Voltage-Source-Converter-Based High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System
Long-distance offshore wind power transmission systems utilize multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVDC) connections based on voltage source converters (VSCs). In addition to having the potential to work around restrictions, the VSC-based MT-HVDC transmission system has significant technical and economic merits over the HVAC transmission system. Offshore wind farms (OWFs) will inevitably grow because of their outstanding resistance to climate change and ability to provide sustainable energy without producing hazardous waste. Due to stronger and more persistent sea winds, the OWF often has a higher generation capacity with less negative climate effects. The majority of modern installations are distant from the shore and produce more power than the early OWF sites, which are situated close to the shore. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lead Halide Perovskites Opto-Electronic Devices
In Lead Halide Perovskites Opto-Electronic Devices, we will discuss the development in the LHP-based functional devices in recent years. After a brief presentation of the LHP's properties, we will focus on the functional devices including lasers, photodetectors, and modulators. Then the fabrication of the LHP-based devices will be presented, which is followed by the summary and outlook.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Network Protocol Design for IoT
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the key technologies for IoT implementation. Research and development in IoT are progressing from the research and development in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), but still have some specific differences. Compared to WSN and MANET, IoT has a wider scope that includes the device, the communication infrastructure, and the cloud. IoT applications are more diverse. They are different from the WSN and MANET applications, which are domain specific. IoT always involves the internet (IP based network) as the point of interest, so that it often requires multiple network interfaces on the gateway side. IoT also tends to use the existing standard of communication technology infrastructure, which is already available for the internet network.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Key Technologies for Multi-Parallel Inverter Microgrid Systems
As an important form of distributed renewable energy utilization and consumption, the multi-parallel inverter microgrid system works in both an isolated and grid-connected operation mode. Secondary-frequency and voltage-regulation control are very important in solving problems that appears in these systems, such as the distributed secondary-frequency regulation real-time scheme, voltage and reactive power balancing, and the secondary-frequency regulation control under the disturbances and unbalanced conditions of a microgrid system. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Routing Protocols for Mobile IoT
IoT (Internet of Things) is the connection of devices to the Internet where devices are able to communicate with each other and their users, such as cameras, medical sensors, light-bulbs, and smoke alarms. IoT allows devices to assist daily routines, such as cars can be synced with calendars for appointment or meeting tracking to plan the best routes. According to the research done by IDC, there are already 13 billion connected devices in use worldwide in 2017 and the number could reach over 40 billion by 2025.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by Electrostatic Discharges
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a physical phenomenon that may destroy electronic components due to its high discharge current that may reach a few amperes in just a few ns. However, another major aspect of ESD is the related high-frequency electromagnetic (E/M) fields radiated by the ESD event. The electronic equipment that is affected by the ESD phenomenon is additionally affected by the induced voltages caused by these E/M fields. This is the reason that the current version of the IEC 61000-4-2 on ESD has a special reference to these fields and the measurement setup. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Radar Signal Intrapulse Modulation Recognition Based on DGDNet
Accurate recognition of radar modulation mode helps to better estimate radar echo parameters, thereby occupying an advantageous position in the radar electronic warfare (EW). The pure radar signal representation (PSR) is disentangled from the noise signal representation (NSR) through a feature disentangler and used to learn a radar signal modulation recognizer under low-SNR environments. Signal noise mutual information loss is proposed to enlarge the gap between the PSR and the NSR.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ultra-Wideband Antenna on a Polymeric Substrate
The design, simulation, realization, and measurement of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna on a polymeric substrate have been realized. The UWB antenna was prepared using conventional technology, such as copper etching; inkjet printing, which is regarded as a modern and progressive nano-technology; and polymer thick-film technology in the context of screen-printing technology. The thick-film technology-based UWB antenna has a bandwidth of 3.8 GHz, with a central frequency of 9 GHz, and a frequency range of 6.6 to 10.4 GHz. In addition to a comparison of the technologies described, the results show that the mesh of the screens has a significant impact on the quality of the UWB antenna when utilizing polymeric screen-printing pastes.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
EIS and IRT for Evaluating Lithium Batteries
During lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) ordinary operation, safety concerns are related to the possibility of overheating and, in extreme cases, to the risk of fire or explosion. Hence, it is crucial to implement proper safety measures in the design, manufacturing, and in the second life of LIBs, through a proper design of thermal management systems or short circuit protection. Regarding their durability, LIBs can face degradation over time due to repeated charge–discharge cycles. This might affect their charge retention capacity and their lifespan. Hence, ongoing research is being conducted to improve these aspects through advancements in materials, electrode design, and battery management systems. LIB development focuses on improving their efficiency by using environmentally friendly materials. The non-destructive testing (NDT) of LIBs can be classified into several categories. The commonly accepted taxonomy is based on their underlying physical principle of measurement, e.g., electromagnetic waves, thermal waves, mechanical waves, etc.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been gaining significant attention from the research community due to their potential to improve data rates.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Scheduling for Short-Term Load Forecasting
At electrical power distribution networks, energy is consumed at the same time as it is generated, since its storage is unfeasible on large scale. Therefore, load forecasting is required by Transmission System Operators (TSO) to manage energy grid operations and supplies. Load forecastings are required very often everyday, then a lot of prediction calculations are executed during every forecasting interval. In Europe, owing to directives and new technologies, prediction systems will change from hour to quarter-hour intervals. Therefore, a predictive system may not have enough time to compute all future forecasts. If all future intervals cannot be predicted by a forecasting load system, it will need a daily schedule to decide which future intervals will be forecasted at every moment of the day.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Wearable Devices and Work Safety
Today, ensuring work safety is considered to be one of the top priorities for various industries. Workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths often entail substantial production and financial losses, governmental checks, series of dismissals, and loss of reputation. Wearable devices are one of the technologies that flourished with the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0, allowing employers to monitor and maintain safety at workplaces.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Transformerless Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverter Topology
At present, renewable energies represent 25% of the global power generation capacity. The increase in clean energy facilities is mainly due to the high levels of pollution generated by the burning of fossil fuels to satisfy the growing electricity demand. The global capacity of generating electricity from solar energy has experienced a significant increase, reaching 505 GW in 2018. Today, multilevel inverters are used in PV systems to convert direct current into alternating current. However, the use of multilevel inverters in renewable energies applications presents different challenges; for example, grid-connected systems use a transformer to avoid the presence of leakage currents. The grid-connected systems must meet at least two international standards analyzed in this work: VDE 0126-1-1 and VDE-AR-N 4105, which establish a maximum leakage current of 300 mA and harmonic distortion maximum of 5%. Previously, DC/AC converters have been studied in different industrial applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Visually Impaired People
Blind and Visually impaired people (BVIP) face a range of practical difficulties when undertaking outdoor journeys as pedestrians. Over the past decade, a variety of assistive devices have been researched and developed to help BVIP navigate more safely and independently. In addition, research in overlapping domains are addressing the problem of automatic environment interpretation using computer vision and machine learning, particularly deep learning, approaches. Our aim in this article is to present a comprehensive review of research directly in, or relevant to, assistive outdoor navigation for BVIP. We breakdown the navigation area into a series of navigation phases and tasks. We then use this structure for our systematic review of research, analysing articles, methods, datasets and current limitations by task. We also provide an overview of commercial and non-commercial navigation applications targeted at BVIP. Our review contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive, structured analysis of work in the domain, including the state of the art, and guidance on future directions. It will support both researchers and other stakeholders in the domain to establish an informed view of research progress. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Congestion Alleviation in the Deregulated Power System
Economic and geographical constraints led to reforms and deregulations in the power system to utilize resources optimally within the existing framework. The major hindrance in the efficient operation of the deregulated power system (DPS) is congestion, which is the result of the participation of private players under deregulation policies.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Smart Textile
The integration of electronic components in/onto conductive textile yarns without compromising textile qualities such as flexibility, conformability, heat and moisture transfer, and wash resistance is essential to ensuring acceptance of electronic textiles. One solution is creating flexible and stretchable conductive yarns that contain tiny surface-mounted electronic elements embedded at the fiber level.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Design Improvements of DC Circuit Breaker
While traditional AC mechanical circuit breakers can protect AC circuits, many other DC power distribution technologies, such as DC microgrids (MGs), yield superior disruption performance, e.g., faster and more reliable switching speeds. However, novel DC circuit breaker (DCCB) designs are challenging due to the need to quickly break high currents within milliseconds, caused by the high fault current rise in DC grids compared to AC grids. In DC grids, the circuit breaker must not provide any current crossing and must absorb surges, since the arc is not naturally extinguished by the system. Additionally, the DC breaker must mitigate the magnetic energy stored in the system inductance and withstand residual overvoltages after current interruption. These challenges require a fundamentally different topology for DCCBs, which are typically made using solid-state semiconductor technology, metal oxide varistors (MOVs), and ultra-fast switches.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Sep 2023
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