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Topic Review
Monocyte in the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is well-known for being a leading cause of death worldwide. It is classified molecularly into luminal A, luminal B HER2−, luminal B HER2+, HER2+, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). These subtypes differ in their prognosis; thus, understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) makes new treatment strategies possible. The TME contains populations that exhibit anti-tumorigenic actions such as tumor-associated eosinophils. Moreover, it contains pro-tumorigenic populations such as tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), or monocyte-derived populations. The monocyte-derived populations are tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and MDSCs. Thus, a monocyte can be considered a maestro within the TME. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Function of UHRF1
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and its incidence and mortality are increasing each year. Improved therapeutic strategies against cancer have progressed, but remain insufficient to invert this trend. Along with several other risk factors, abnormal genetic and epigenetic regulations play a critical role in the initiation of cellular transformation, as well as tumorigenesis. The epigenetic regulator UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains 1) is a multidomain protein with oncogenic abilities overexpressed in most cancers. Through the coordination of its multiple domains and other epigenetic key players, UHRF1 regulates DNA methylation and histone modifications. This well-coordinated dialogue leads to the silencing of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) and facilitates tumor cells’ resistance toward anticancer drugs, ultimately promoting apoptosis escape and uncontrolled proliferation. Several studies have shown that the downregulation of UHRF1 with natural compounds in tumor cells induces the reactivation of various TSGs, inhibits cell growth, and promotes apoptosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy for Ophthalmic Malignancies
Intraocular solid malignancy biopsy is usually not performed due to the risk and fear of extraocular extension. Recently, liquid biopsy has gained in popularity in this field. Liquid biopsy allows the diagnosis of intraocular malignancies as well as its monitoring in retinoblastoma. Liquid biopsy may help the clinican to better understand the metastatic spread, especially in uveal melanoma.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Somatostatin-Dopamine Chimeric Compounds
The growing knowledge of receptor profile expression in Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has led to synthesis of several chimeric molecules targeting multi-receptors, with a particular interest for SSTs and DRs due to the functional interactions between these receptors. On these assumptions, novel chimeric compounds, embracing somatostatin and dopamine features, were developed opening new routes for NENs treatments.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Treatment-Induced Accelerated Aging
There is a growing concern about accelerated aging among the rapidly increasing number of cancer survivors. Clinically, “accelerated aging” phenotypes in cancer survivors include premature mortality and comorbidities – secondary cancers, frailty, chronic organ dysfunction, and cognitive impairment which can impact long-term health and quality of life in cancer survivors.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase Inhibitors
Poly ADP ribose polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of ADP-ribose to target proteins, functioning in fundamental cellular processes including transcription, chromatin remodelling and DNA repair. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) including olaparib, niraparib and rucaparib are approved for the clinical management of women with ovarian cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Syngeneic Mouse Models for Therapeutic Research in OC
The most prevalent oral cancer globally is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The invasion of adjacent bones and the metastasis to regional lymph nodes often lead to poor prognoses and shortened survival times in patients with OSCC. Encouraging immunotherapeutic responses have been seen with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, these positive responses to monotherapy have been limited to a small subset of patients. Therefore, it is urgent that further investigations into optimizing immunotherapies are conducted. Areas of research include identifying novel immune checkpoints and targets and tailoring treatment programs to meet the needs of individual patients. Furthermore, the advancement of combination therapies against OSCC is also critical. Thus, additional studies are needed to ensure clinical trials are successful. Mice models are advantageous in immunotherapy research with several advantages, such as relatively low costs and high tumor growth success rate. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Antibody–Drug Conjugate for Cancer Treatment
Cancer, also known as malignant tumour or neoplasm, is a leading cause of death worldwide. One distinct feature from normal cells is that cancerous cells often overexpress protein on the cell membrane—for instance, the overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The expression of a specific protein on the cancerous cell surface acts as a marker that differentiates the normal cell and facilitates the recognition of cancerous cells. An emerging anticancer treatment, Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs), utilises this unique feature to kill cancerous cells. ADCs consist of an antibody linked with a cytotoxic payload, mainly targeting the antigen found on cancerous cells. This design can increase the specificity in delivering the cytotoxin to the drug target, thus increasing the drug efficacy and reducing the side effect of cancer treatment due to off-target toxicities. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mutant p53 Functions
Active p53 is a homotetramer of four identical chains of 393 amino acids. Each monomer presents a modular structure divided into different domains: an acidic disorderedN-terminal region, comprising the transactivation domain (TAD) and the proline-rich region (PRR); a central core sequence-specific DNA-binding domain (DBD); aC-terminal region, encompassing an oligomerization domain (OD) and a disordered regulatory domain (CRD)().
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Management of Radiation Dermatitis for Breast Cancer Patients
The importance of holistic, patient-centered assessments, interventions, and education during RT should not be understated in its value of promoting patients’ physical and emotional comfort. The implementation of a skin care plan is an opportunity for patients to fully engage in self-care, not only promoting their skin health, reducing RT-associated side effects, and promoting the restoration of skin integrity, but can enhance their sense of control with the stressful context of cancer treatments. Ultimately, a patient-centered approach with implementation of a skin care plan may avert a delay in treatment or discontinuation of RT due to RD and afford breast cancer patients the greatest chance for long-term survival.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer in the Molecular Era
Gastric cancer (GC) is a heterogeneous disease, often diagnosed at advanced stages, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. Numerous molecular alterations have been identified in GC, leading to various molecular classifications, such as those developed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG). 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer in Molecular Landscape
Gastric cancers have been historically classified based on histomorphologic features. The Cancer Genome Atlas network reported the comprehensive identification of genetic alterations associated with gastric cancer, identifying four distinct subtypes— Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive, microsatellite-unstable/instability (MSI), genomically stable and chromosomal instability. In particular, EBV-positive and MSI gastric cancers seem responsive to novel immunotherapies drugs. The aim of this entry is to describe MSI and EBV positive gastric cancer’s subgroups and their relationship with novel immunotherapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Natural Products against DDP-Induced Apoptosis
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), DDP) is an antineoplastic agent widely used in the treatment of solid tumors because of its extensive cytotoxic activity. However, the main limiting side effect of DDP use is nephrotoxicity, a rapid deterioration in kidney function due to toxic chemicals. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), a class of epigenetic processes, are molecules that regulate gene expression under physiological and pathological conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most characterized class of ncRNAs and are engaged in many cellular processes. DDP-induced nephrotoxicity can present in a several ways, but the most common and serious presentation is acute kidney injury (AKI), which occurs in 20–30% of patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CTCs in Gastric Cancer
With over 1 million incidence cases and more than 780,000 deaths in 2018, gastric cancer (GC) was ranked as the 5th most common cancer and the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Though several biomarkers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), have been identified, their diagnostic accuracies were modest. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cells derived from tumors and present in body fluids, have recently emerged as promising biomarkers, diagnostically and prognostically, of cancers, including GC. In this review, we present the landscape of CTCs from migration, to the presence in circulation, biologic properties, and morphologic heterogeneities. We evaluated clinical implications of CTCs in GC patients, including diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management, as well as their application in immunotherapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are most often located in the lung and in the digestive tract. They are defined by the expression of specific biomarkers, such as synaptophysin and chromogranin A (CGA), which can be absent in high-grade NEN. Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors are a subgroup of NEN presenting with well-differentiated morphology and high proliferation rate (Ki-67>20%).
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer in both adult and pediatric populations, occurring more commonly in women at ages 50-59. PTC is characterized by the presence of cells arranged into papillae, presenting clear or ground-glass nuclei. It is further subdivided based on histological variants, such as the classic (CVPTC), follicular (FVPTC), solid (SVPTC), and diffuse sclerosing (DSVPTC) variants.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Multimeric PET Radioligands
Multimeric PET radioligands consist of identical binding motifs (pharmacophores) connected to a single backbone (linker) attached to a group, which can be labeled with a positron-emitting radionuclide suitable for PET molecular imaging (radiolabeled domain). 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Therapy
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the US, and it is expected to be the second leading cause of cancer deaths by 2030. The lack of effective early screening tests and alarming symptoms with early undetectable micro-metastasis at the time of presentation play a vital role in the high death rate from pancreatic cancer. In addition to this, the low mutation burden in pancreatic cancer, low immunological profile, dense tumorigenesis stroma, and decreased tumor sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs contribute to the low survival rates in PDAC patients. Despite breakthroughs in chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs, pancreatic cancer remains one of the solid tumors that exhibit meager curative rates.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a type of targeted radiotherapy. BNCT shows promising results in treating lung cancer, recurrent head and neck cancer, sarcomas, and high grade brain tumors.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning Neural Network Discriminate Multi-Cancer Types
Detecting cancers at early stages can dramatically reduce mortality rates. Therefore, practical cancer screening at the population level is needed.  Researchers employ artificial deep learning neural networks (NN) and noncoding RNA biomarkers to develop an accurate cancer detection system, with >96% AUC for binarily detecting cancers vs normal.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jan 2022
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