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Topic Review
Atypical Endometriosis-Associated Biomarkers
Ovarian endometriosis may increase the risk of malignancy. Several studies have suggested atypical endometriosis as the direct precursor of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. Atypical endometriosis can be a transitioning entity from endometriosis to endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers. 39 studies assessing numerous molecular targets of AE, such as immunohistochemical expression of BAF250, PIK3CA, PTEN, HNF-1beta, ER, and PR. Unfortunately, these molecular biomarkers of AE require expensive molecular analysis, histological examination is always needed, and none of them has such strong evidence to justify their systematic use in the management of the neoplastic risk of endometriosis. Further studies are needed to validate evidence on available biomarkers for the presence of AE, which is a high oncologic risk condition. Moreover, the introduction of novel serum biomarkers could be useful for the non-invasive diagnosis of AE.
  • 726
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Carcinoma
The inflammatory process plays a significant role in the development of colon cancer (CRC). Intestinal cytokine networks are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis and inflammation but also impact carcinogenesis at all stages of the disease. 
  • 724
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The KEAP1–NRF2 System
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (KEAP1)– Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (encoded by the Nfe2l2 gene; NRF2) system attracts extensive interest from scientists in basic and clinical cancer research fields, as NRF2 exhibits activity as both an oncogene and tumor suppressor, depending on the context. Especially unique and malignant, NRF2-addicted cancers exhibit high levels of NRF2 expression. Somatic mutations identified in the NRF2 or KEAP1 genes of NRF2-addicted cancers cause the stabilization and accumulation of NRF2. NRF2-addicted cancers hijack the intrinsic roles that NRF2 plays in cytoprotection, including antioxidative and anti-electrophilic responses, as well as metabolic reprogramming, and acquire a marked advantage to survive under severe and limited microenvironments. Therefore, NRF2 inhibitors are expected to have therapeutic effects in patients with NRF2-addicted cancers. In contrast, NRF2 activation in host immune cells exerts significant suppression of cancer cell growth, indicating that NRF2 inducers also have the potential to be therapeutics for cancers. Thus, the KEAP1–NRF2 system makes a broad range of contributions to both cancer development and suppression. These observations thus demonstrate that both NRF2 inhibitors and inducers are useful for the treatment of cancers with high NRF2 activity.
  • 723
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate of all gynecologic malignancies. The overall five-year survival is 46% and varies depending on the stage and histological type of the tumor. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSOC) accounts for 75% of all epithelial ovarian malignancies and is diagnosed mainly at FIGO stage III (51%) or IV (29%), reflecting the aggressive nature.
  • 723
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Exosomes Diversity
Cells can communicate through special “messages in the bottle”, which are recorded in the bloodstream inside vesicles, namely exosomes. The exosomes are nanovesicles of 30–100 nm in diameter that carry functionally active biological material, such as proteins, messanger RNA (mRNAs), and micro RNA (miRNAs). Therefore, they are able to transfer specific signals from a parental cell of origin to the surrounding cells in the microenvironment and to distant organs through the circulatory and lymphatic stream. More and more interest is rising for the pathological role of exosomes produced by cancer cells and for their potential use in tumor monitoring and patient follow up. In particular, the exosomes could be an appropriate index of proliferation and cancer cell communication for monitoring the minimal residual disease, which cannot be easily detectable by common diagnostic and monitoring techniques. The lack of unequivocal markers for tumor-derived exosomes calls for new strategies for exosomes profile characterization aimed at the adoption of exosomes as an official tumor biomarker for tumor progression monitoring.
  • 723
  • 21 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Driven Effects in Cancer
Hypoxia, a common feature of solid tumors, greatly hinders the efficacy of conventional cancer treatments such as chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy. The depletion of oxygen in proliferating and advanced tumors causes an array of genetic, transcriptional, and metabolic adaptations that promote survival, metastasis, and a clinically malignant phenotype. At the nexus of these interconnected pathways are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) which orchestrate transcriptional responses under hypoxia. We discuss mechanisms and pathways, such as HIF signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, exosomes, and the unfolded protein response, that contribute to hypoxia-induced phenotypic changes.
  • 722
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Drug Development Platform for Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a group of malignancies that originate from the biliary tract, is associated with a high mortality rate and a concerning increase in worldwide incidence. In Thailand, where the incidence of CCA is the highest, the socioeconomic burden is severe. Yet, treatment options are limited, with surgical resection being the only form of treatment with curative intent. The current standard-of-care remains to be adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy which is ineffective in most patients. The overall survival rate is dismal, even after surgical resection and the tumor heterogeneity further complicates treatment. Together, this makes CCA a significant burden in Southeast Asia. For effective management of CCA, treatment must be tailored to each patient, individually, for which an assortment of targeted therapies must be available
  • 721
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The Microbiome in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal cancer and less than 10% of patients survive the 5-year mark. The molecular and biological underpinnings leading to this dismal prognosis are well-described, however, translation of these findings with subsequent improvement of the poor prognosis has been slow. The complex and dynamic accumulation of microbes, also called the microbiome, has attracted scientific interest in the pathogenesis of several diseases including pancreatic cancer. Since then, a limited number of significant findings were published pointing towards an important role of the microbiome in cancer, in particular pancreatic cancer.
  • 721
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Baicalein
Baicalein, a flavonoid extract (5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) derived from the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, can inhibit cancer-promoting mechanisms such as metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation without harming healthy cells. Despite having enormous prospects for anti-cancer use, low bioavailability limits its applications.
  • 721
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Domestic Animal Models of Central Nervous System Tumors
Intracranial primary tumors (IPTs) are aggressive forms of malignancies that cause high mortality in both humans and domestic animals. Meningiomas are frequent adult IPTs in humans, dogs, and cats, and both benign and malignant forms cause a decrease in life quality and survival. Surgery is the primary therapeutic approach to treat meningiomas, but, in many cases, it is not resolutive. The chemotherapy and targeted therapy used to treat meningiomas also display low efficacy and many side effects. Therefore, it is essential to find novel pharmacological approaches to increase the spectrum of therapeutic options for meningiomas.
  • 721
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Landscape of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is composed of many reactive and only a few cancer cells, so-called Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) or lymphocyte predominant (LP) cells. 
  • 720
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Aspects of Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) are myeloid neoplasms characterized by the presentation of overlapping features from both myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Although the classification of MDS/MPN relies largely on clinical features and peripheral blood and bone marrow morphology, studies have demonstrated that a large proportion of patients (~90%) with this disease harbor somatic mutations in a group of genes that are common across myeloid neoplasms. These mutations play a role in the clinical heterogeneity of these diseases and their clinical evolution. 
  • 720
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Antitumor Potential of Stingless Bee Propolis and Geopropolis
Stingless bees, also known as meliponines, live in colonies and are characterized by having atrophied stingers. Propolis is a mixture of salivary secretions and plant resins collected by bees and is produced to seal the hive and prevent the entry of air and invading insects, besides having antimicrobial activity, protecting the colony from diseases. The investigation of the biological activities of stingless bee products, especially propolis and geopropolis, has revealed promising therapeutic properties, especially in the research on new antineoplastic agents.
  • 720
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Metformin in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Metformin is a synthetic biguanide that improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Aside being the first-line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), many pleiotropic effects have been discovered in recent years, such as its capacity to reduce cancer risk and tumorigenesis.
  • 720
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Role of the Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer
The microbiome is now known to be associated with cancer development and progression in many types of cancer including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Many observational studies have revealed the association of the oral, gut, and intratumor microbiome with human PDAC. The microbiome may affect the composition of tumor microenvironment via the immune response and generate an immunosuppressive environment. The microbiome could be a  biomarker for the prediction of an immunogenic tumor microenvironment and immune-targeted therapies.
  • 720
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Akt in Oral Squamous
Protein kinase B (Akt) plays a very significant role in various cancers including oral cancer. However, it has three isoforms (Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3) and they perform distinct functions and even play contrasting roles in different cancers. Therefore, it becomes essential to evaluate the isoform-specific role of Akt in oral cancer. In the present study, an attempt has been made to elucidate theisoform-specific role of Akt in oral cancer. The immunohistochemical analysis of oral cancer tissues showed an overexpression ofAkt1 and 2 isoforms but not Akt3. Moreover, the dataset of “The Cancer Genome Atlas” for head and neck cancer has suggested thegenetic alterations of Akt1 and 2 tend to be associated with the utmost poor clinical outcome in oral cancer. Further, treatment of oralcancer cells with tobacco and its components such as benzo(a)pyrene and nicotine caused increased mRNA levels of Akt1 and 2isoforms and also enhanced the aggressiveness of oral cancer cells in terms of proliferation, and clonogenic and migration potential.Finally, silencing of Akt1 and 2 isoforms caused decreased cell survival and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Akt1/2 silencing also reduced tobacco-induced aggressiveness by decreasing the clonogenic and migration potential of oral cancer cells.Moreover, silencing of Akt1 and 2 isoforms was found to decrease the expression of proteins regulating cancer cell survival andproliferation such as cyclooxygenase-2, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), cyclin D1, and survivin. Thus, the important role of Akt1 and 2isoforms have been elucidated in oral cancer with in-depth mechanistic analysis.
  • 719
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare catecholamine producing tumors. Early diagnosis is crucial to avoid life threatning complications. Surgical resection of the tumor is the only curative option. Preoperative management consists of alpha blockade and correction of intravascular volume.
  • 719
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer
Intracellular protein tyrosine kinases, including Abelson (Abl), Src, JNK and many others, play a pivotal role in signal transduction pathways and cancer development, being highly activated in malignant tumor cells, but having very low activity and expression in normal cells. Consequently, in the last thirty years, many small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have entered in clinical trials and were approved to treat hematologic and non-hematologic tumors, thus improving cancer treatment. In particular, the greatest progress has been made with the use of TKIs in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
  • 719
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PDT
PDT has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat patients with non-small cell lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and Actinic Keratoses, as well as age-related macular degeneration. Clinical trials have also demonstrated PDT efficacy for mesothelioma, prostate, bladder, brain cancer, and head and neck cancers as well as bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. In many cases, photosensitizing agents are also used off label with noted successes by clinicians who are comfortable with photomedicine and laser light delivery.
  • 719
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Physiopathology of Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare but aggressive B-cell hemopathy characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) that leads to the overexpression of the cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin D1. This translocation is the initial event of the lymphomagenesis, but tumor cells can acquire additional alterations allowing the progression of the disease with a more aggressive phenotype and a tight dependency on microenvironment signaling. To date, the chemotherapeutic-based standard care is largely inefficient and despite the recent advent of different targeted therapies including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, relapses are frequent and are generally related to a dismal prognosis. As a result, MCL remains an incurable disease.
  • 718
  • 18 Sep 2020
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