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Topic Review
Parkinson’s Disease and Cardiac 123I-MIBG
Cardiac sympathetic denervation, as documented on 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial scintigraphy, is relatively sensitive and specific for distinguishing Parkinson’s disease (PD) from other neurodegenerative causes of parkinsonism. 
  • 902
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Executive Functions and Theory of Mind in Aging
Social cognition is essential for maintaining relationships throughout life, with Theory of Mind (ToM) as its central component. ToM encompasses both cognitive and affective processes, enabling individuals to decipher concealed social cues and make moral judgments within various social contexts. ToM is a current topic of interest investigated in diverse age-related conditions, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a transitional stage between healthy and pathological aging. Recognizing ToM difficulties is crucial, as they can significantly impact decision-making and social interactions while also serving as valuable indicators for tracking disease progression. However, assessing ToM poses challenges, given the variety of available tests and the ongoing debate about its connection with other cognitive abilities. Existing literature suggests that executive functions (EF) can influence ToM performance, but only a few studies have delved into this aspect deeply. Improving the understanding of the dynamics of ToM, its interaction with age-related changes, and its possible variations in MCI is critical to promoting social well-being and cognitive health in older people.
  • 901
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Quantitative EEG in Consciousness Disorders
The role of quantitative EEG technology in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and minimally conscious state.
  • 900
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Intracranial Aneurysms
Intracranial aneurysms represent a major global health burden. Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is a catastrophic event. Without access to treatment, the fatality rate is 50% in the first 30 days. Over the last three decades, treatment approaches for intracranial aneurysms have changed dramatically. There have been improvements in the medical management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, and there has been an evolution of treatment strategies. Endovascular therapy is now the mainstay of the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms based on robust randomised controlled trial data. 
  • 900
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Antioxidant Intervention and Aging Brain
Both physiological and pathological aging processes induce brain alterations especially affecting the speed of processing, working memory, conceptual reasoning and executive functions. As aging is partly contributed by free radical reactions, it has been proposed that exogenous antioxidants could have a positive impact on both aging and its associated manifestations.
  • 898
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome and Psychedelic Interaction
The psychedelic renaissance has reignited interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for mental health and well-being. An emerging area of interest is the potential modulation of psychedelic effects by the gut microbiome—the ecosystem of microorganisms in our digestive tract. The human gut microbiome profoundly influences our health and well-being, not only in terms of physical health but also as a modulator of brain function and behavior, including mood, cognition, and stress responses. With the ongoing psychedelic renaissance exploring the therapeutic potentials of psychedelic substances like psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and ayahuasca, it is essential to consider the role of the gut microbiome in this narrative.
  • 897
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Rozlana idiopatyczna hiperostoza szkieletu (DISH) jest stanem charakteryzującym się zwapnieniem i kostnieniem więzadeł kręgosłupa szyjnego; w niektórych przypadkach może to skutkować dysfagią.
  • 896
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Pathogenesis in Polyglutamine Diseases
Polyglutamine diseases are characterized by selective dysfunction and degeneration of specific types of neurons in the central nervous system. In addition, nonneuronal cells can also be affected as a consequence of primary degeneration or due to neuronal dysfunction. Skeletal muscle is a primary site of toxicity of polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor, but it is also affected in other polyglutamine diseases, more likely due to neuronal dysfunction and death. Nonetheless, pathological processes occurring in skeletal muscle atrophy impact the entire body metabolism, thus actively contributing to the inexorable progression towards the late and final stages of disease. 
  • 896
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cerebellar Neuropathology in Classical Scrapie
Classical scrapie is a naturally transmissible spongiform neurodegenerative disease that originally affected sheep, goats and mouflons and that has been observed for several centuries.  It is a “strange” disease that cannot be classified as a classical bacterial or viral infectious disease and does not follow the pathogenic patterns identified by infectious or neurodegenerative disease research.
  • 894
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Digital Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and chronic neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterized by a pathophysiological combination of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. As the inflammatory and neurodegenerative process can involve a variety of different neuroanatomical locations in the CNS, many functional neurological systems can be affected, ranging from visual, motor, cerebellar and sensory problems to complex cognitive symptoms. Since MS already occurs early in adulthood, accompanied by only a mildly reduced life expectancy, the highly heterogeneous disease, lasting over several decades, offers numerous inter-individually and intra-individually differences as well as different disease phenotypes evident in different disease stages. Each of these individual differences and disease phenotypes must be addressed when it comes to treating MS as well as MS-related symptoms (e.g., spasticity, pain and gait problems). 
  • 893
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Blue Light Blocking for Bipolar Disorder
Light is by definition the electromagnetic radiation that corresponds to the perceptual limit of human eyesight. Light, being a form of electromagnetic radiation, is transmitted as a wave of energy particles from its source to the receiver, the human eye. A beam of light has a specific frequency, wavelength and energy. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz), with one Hz corresponding to a wave passing a fixed point per second. The distance between two corresponding points of two consecutive waves is the wavelength and it is measured in meters. The energy that propagates with a particular beam of light is measured in photons, a hypothetical particle that corresponds to the smallest quantity of light energy at the given wavelength. The energy of a photon is thus variable, proportional to the frequency of the beam of light, inversely proportional to its wavelength, and expressed in electron volts (eV). Recently, following empirical findings, a few clinical studies have focused on the therapeutic potential for blue-light blocking in bipolar disorder (BD), reporting promising results.
  • 891
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Specific Autoantibodies in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) affect millions of people worldwide. They develop due to the pathological accumulation and aggregation of various misfolded proteins, axonal and synaptic loss and dysfunction, inflammation, cytoskeletal abnormalities, defects in DNA and RNA, and neuronal death. This leads to the activation of immune responses and the release of the antibodies against them. Recently, it has become clear that autoantibodies (Aabs) can contribute to demyelination, axonal loss, and brain and cognitive dysfunction. This has significantly changed the understanding of the participation of humoral autoimmunity in neurodegenerative disorders. It is crucial to understand how neuroinflammation is involved in neurodegeneration, to aid in improving the diagnostic and therapeutic value of Aabs in the future.
  • 890
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Stroke and Etiopathogenesis
Stroke is defined as a lack of blood flow in the brain that can cause neurological deficits. The major cause of ischemic stroke is arterial atherosclerosis. Other cause of stroke is genetic etiology and about 15% of strokes are observed in people aged 18–49 years old. Monogenic and polygenic disorders represent about 7% and 38%, respectively, of all stroke causes.
  • 889
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
Insulin (MW: 5.8 kDa) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1; also known as somatostatin C; MW: 7.65 kDa) are peptide hormones sharing significant structural homology with significant contributions to the regulation of whole-body metabolism and promotion of growth/cell renewal.
  • 889
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Diagnosis and Dried Saliva Spots
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a lower motor neuron disease, once considered incurable. The main symptoms are muscle weakness and muscular atrophy. More than 90% of cases of SMA are caused by homozygous deletion of survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1). Emerging treatments, such as splicing modulation of SMN2 and SMN gene replacement therapy, have improved the prognoses and motor functions of patients. However, confirmed diagnosis by SMN1 testing is often delayed, suggesting the presence of diagnosis-delayed or undiagnosed cases. To enable patients to access the right treatments, a screening system for SMA is essential. Even so, the current newborn screening system using dried blood spots is still invasive and cumbersome. Here, we developed a completely non-invasive screening system using dried saliva spots (DSS) as an alternative DNA source to detect SMN1 deletion. In this study, 60 DSS (40 SMA patients and 20 controls) were tested. The combination of modified competitive oligonucleotide priming-polymerase chain reaction and melting peak analysis clearly distinguished DSS samples with and without SMN1. In conclusion, these results suggest that our system with DSS is applicable to SMA patient detection in the real world.
  • 888
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Stimulated Gene 6
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6), the first soluble chemokine-binding protein to be identified in mammals, inhibits chemotaxis and transendothelial migration of neutrophils and attenuates the inflammatory response of dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, and T cells. This immunoregulatory protein is a pivotal mediator of the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) in diverse pathological conditions, including neuroinflammation.
  • 887
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Potential of Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is the predominant autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system in adolescents and adults. Specific treatments are categorized as disease-modifying, whereas others are symptomatic treatments to alleviate painful symptoms. No singular conventional therapy is universally effective for all patients across all stages of the illness. Nevertheless, cannabinoids exhibit significant promise in their capacity for neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, and immunosuppression. 
  • 887
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Dysregulation of astrocytes in AD
Recent studies implicate astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, their role in pathogenesis is poorly understood. Astrocytes have well-established functions in supportive functions such as extracellular ionic homeostasis, structural support, and neurovascular coupling. However, emerging research on astrocytic function in the healthy brain also indicates their role in regulating synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability via the release of neuroactive substances named gliotransmitters. Here, we review how this “active” role of astrocytes at synapses could contribute to synaptic and neuronal network dysfunction and cognitive impairment in AD.
  • 885
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fibrin Glue and MSCs to Regenerate Nerve Injuries
Cell-based therapy is a promising treatment to favor tissue healing through less invasive strategies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) highlighted as potential candidates due to their angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties, in addition to their ability to differentiate into several specialized cell lines. Cells can be carried through a biological delivery system, such as fibrin glue, which acts as a temporary matrix that favors cell-matrix interactions and allows local and paracrine functions of MSCs. MSCs favored axonal regeneration, remyelination of nerve fibers, as well as promoted an increase in the number of myelinated fibers, myelin sheath thickness, number of axons and expression of growth factors, with significant improvement in motor function recovery. Fibrin glue combined with MSCs has the potential to regenerate nervous system lesions.
  • 885
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cytomegalovirus and Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive malignancy in the adult central nervous system. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and treatment of glioblastoma.
  • 885
  • 14 Sep 2022
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