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Topic Review
Tyrosine Kinase Syk
Platelet-rich thrombi formed in vivo in mice have been shown to be composed of a core and shell region. Different pathways regulate the formation and stability of these two regions and understanding them may result in new ways to treat arterial thrombosis. The distinguishing feature between these two regions is the absence of fibrin in the shell, which indicates that in-vitro flow-based assays over thrombogenic surfaces, in the absence of coagulation, can be used to resemble this region.  Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is a platelet immunoglobulin receptor which is known as a receptor for collagen and has been shown to contribute to the stability of platelet aggregates on collagen at high shear. In recent years GPVI has also been shown to be a receptor for fibrin and fibrinogen. Since the activation of GPVI by fibrinogen is also dependent on integrin αIIbβ3, with the interplay of the two receptors driving platelet adhesion and activation, blocking signalling pathways common to both receptors may have a greater antithrombotic effect than blocking GPVI alone. Therefore in this study, we have investigated the contribution of Syk tyrosine kinase, which plays a critical role in signalling by integrin αIIbβ3 and GPVI, in the stability of platelet aggregates formed on collagen or atherosclerotic plaque homogenate at arterial shear (1000 s-1). The results show that Syk regulates thrombus stability in the absence of fibrin. The fact that inhibitors of Syk are currently used for the treatment of patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) without increasing the risk of bleeding, indicate that Syk inhibitors may represent a new class of antiplatelet agent with reduced bleeding risk compared to current drugs.
  • 887
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
mTOR after Cerebral Ischemia
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease induced by partial or total occlusion of a cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery being that most frequently affected in humans. Stroke is now the leading cause of disability and the second cause of death worldwide. Ischemia accounts for 80% of all strokes.
  • 886
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
The Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids
The cancer burden is rapidly increasing in most countries, and thus, new anticancer drugs for effective cancer therapy must be developed. Cancer model systems that recapitulate the biological processes of human cancers are one of the cores of the drug development process. PDCO has emerged as a unique model that preserves the genetic, physiological, and histologic characteristics of original cancer, including inter- and intratumoral heterogeneities. 
  • 886
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Corneous ß-proteins
The epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles (the sauropsids) include claws, scales, and feathers. Each has specialized physical properties that facilitate movement, thermal insulation, defence mechanisms, and/or the catching of prey. The mechanical attributes of each of these appendages originate from its fibril-matrix texture, where the two filamentous structures present, i.e., the corneous ß-proteins (CBP or ß-keratins) that form 3.4 nm diameter filaments and the α-fibrous molecules that form the 7–10 nm diameter keratin intermediate filaments (KIF), provide much of the required tensile properties. The matrix, which is composed of the terminal domains of the KIF molecules and the proteins of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) (and which include the terminal domains of the CBP), provides the appendages, with their ability to resist compression and torsion. 
  • 886
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidants in Cooled Liquid Storage
Cooled preservation of semen is usually associated with artificial insemination and genetic improvement programs in livestock species. Several studies have reported an increase in reactive oxidative species and a decrease in antioxidant substances and sperm quality parameters during long-term semen storage at refrigerated temperatures. The supplementation of antioxidants in extenders before refrigeration could reduce this detrimental effect. Various antioxidants have been tested, both enzymatic, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, and non-enzymatic, such as reduced glutathione, vitamins E and C and melatonin. However, the problem of oxidative stress in semen storage has not been fully resolved. The effects of antioxidants for semen-cooled storage have not been reviewed in depth. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to review the efficiency of the supplementation of antioxidants in the extender during cooled storage of semen in livestock species.
  • 884
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Tumor Microenvironment
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. A total of 20% of CRC patients present with distant metastases, most frequently to the liver and lung. In the primary tumor, as well as at each metastatic site, the cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to tumor engraftment and metastasis. These include immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) and stromal cells (cancer-associated fibroblasts and endothelial cells).
  • 884
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Yes-Associated Protein in Psoriasis and Skin Tumor Pathogenesis
Psoriasis and skin tumors (such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma) are chronic diseases that endanger physical and mental health, and yet the causes are largely unknown and treatment options limited. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a key member of the Hippo signaling pathway. It was originally identified in Drosophila, with a molecular weight of 65 kDa, and is also known as YAP65.
  • 883
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Exosome Traceability and Cell Source
Exosomes are nanostructural vesicles with a size range of 30–150 nm that have gained increasing attention over the past few years. They have endocytic origin, the endocytic compartment membrane, the plasma membrane, and cytosol contain all exosomal proteins. Exosomes have not been found to contain proteins of the mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi apparatus.
  • 880
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Immune System in Brief
The immune system is the body's intricate defense mechanism against infections and diseases. It is composed of a vast network of cells, tissues, and molecules working in harmony to protect us. Two main branches, the innate and adaptive immune systems, work together to differentiate between "self" and "non-self" entities. Innate immunity provides immediate but nonspecific protection, employing barriers like the skin and various white blood cells to quickly respond to threats. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, takes time to develop and is highly specific. It relies on the production of antibodies and memory cells to remember and target specific pathogens for future encounters. The immune system's functionality revolves around recognizing foreign invaders, launching targeted responses, and forming immunological memory. It also requires tight regulation to prevent overactive responses or autoimmune disorders. Recent breakthroughs in immunology, such as immunotherapy and mRNA vaccines, highlight the ever-evolving understanding and harnessing of the immune system's capabilities, promising a brighter future in the fight against diseases.
  • 880
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Asialo-rhuEPO
Asialo-rhuEPO can be prepared by enzymatic removal of sialic acid residues from rhuEPOM (asialo-rhuEPOE) or by expressing human EPO gene in glycoengineered transgenic plants (asialo-rhuEPOP). Both types of asialo-rhuEPO, like rhuEPOM, displayed excellent neuroprotective effects by regulating multiple cellular pathways in cerebral I/R animal models.
  • 878
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Altered Immune Response in Diabetes
Patients with diabetes often have more invasive infections, which may lead to an increase in morbidity. The human body has incredible defences against millions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, poisons, and parasites. The immune system normally protects against infections, but numerous disorders and deficiencies may impair it. Bacteria may infiltrate through open wounds and cause infections. Natural barriers, including intact skin and mucosal surfaces and the reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and chemokines within their mechanistic organization, help our defence system to fight against pathogens. Due to the immune system’s inability to combat microorganisms, infections are a significant concern for people with diabetes. Numerous research have investigated diabetes-related pathways that decrease pathogen resistance. These processes include the inhibition of cytokine production, abnormalities in phagocytosis, immune cell malfunction, and an inability to destroy microbials.
  • 878
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
DND1 in Cancers
The Dead-End (DND1) protein can interact with different messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the cell. It uses multiple mechanisms to regulate expression of proteins from their cognate mRNAs. High levels of DND1 are found in the progenitor cells that develop into the egg and sperm. Defects in DND1 can cause tumors in the testes and ovaries of vertebrates. DND1 may also participate in human cancer development in cells other than those of the testesand ovaries.
  • 877
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
OsFH3 Encodes a Type II Formin
The actin cytoskeleton is crucial for plant morphogenesis, and organization of actin filaments (AF) is dynamically regulated by actin-binding proteins. However, the roles of actin-binding proteins, particularly type II formins, in this process remain poorly understood in plants.
  • 877
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Superoxide Dismutases
Several enzymes exist that can convert or degrade reactive oxygen species (ROS); among them are the superoxide dismutases (SODs). SODs are responsible for converting superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide by dismutation, therefore participating in the ROS detoxification. Here a short overview on the role of SODs in development and pathogenicity of fungi like Podospora anserina and Aspergillus spp. is given. 
  • 875
  • 06 Feb 2022
Topic Review
OGG1 in Lung
As the organ executing gas exchange and directly facing the external environment, the lungs are challenged continuously by various stimuli, causing the disequilibration of redox homeostasis and leading to pulmonary diseases. The breakdown of oxidants/antioxidants system happens when the overproduction of free radicals results in an excess over the limitation of cleaning capability, which could lead to the oxidative modification of macromolecules including nucleic acids. The most common type of oxidative base, 8-oxoG, is considered the marker of DNA oxidative damage. The appearance of 8-oxoG could lead to base mismatch and its accumulation might end up as tumorigenesis. The base 8-oxoG was corrected by base excision repair initiated by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1), which recognizes 8-oxoG from the genome and excises it from the DNA double strand, generating an AP site for further processing. Aside from its function in DNA damage repairment, it has been reported that OGG1 takes part in the regulation of gene expression, derived from its DNA binding characteristic, and showed impacts on inflammation. 
  • 875
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Neuraminidases
Neuraminidases (NEUs) are able to cleave off sugars termed sialic acids, which are terminally attached to glycolipids and -proteins. Glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell surfaces of vertebrates and higher invertebrates contain α-keto acid sugars called sialic acids, terminally attached to their glycan structures. The actual level of sialylation, regulated through enzymatic removal of the latter ones by NEU enzymes, highly affects protein-protein, cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. Thus, their regulatory features affect a large number of different cell types, including those of the immune system.
  • 874
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Babesia Vaccines
Bovine babesiosis is caused by the Apicomplexa parasites from the genus Babesia. It is one of the most important tick-borne veterinary diseases worldwide; Babesia bovis being the species associated with the most severe clinical signs of the disease and causing the greatest economic losses. Resistance to drugs targeting B. bovis or its transmitting vector has made vaccination against this parasite the main infection control method.
  • 874
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Epo1-Bem3
Tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) spread into the buds of yeast by an actin-based mechanism and, upon entry, become attached to the polarisome, a proteinaceous micro-compartment below the tip of the bud. The minimal tether between polarisome and cortical ER is formed by a protein complex consisting of Epo1, a member of the polarisome, Scs2, a membrane protein of the ER and Cdc42 guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein Bem3. Here, we report the crystal structure of a complex between Epo1 and Bem3.
  • 870
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Pepsin Hydrolysis of Orange By-Products
The orange seed is an important by-product obtained from the juice production industry. The juice industry considers seed as a by-product that contains between 17.9% to 26.5% of protein [18]. In fact, the protein obtained from defatted flour can be used as a low-cost source for the generation of peptides through hydrolysis that could have an important role as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, or antihypertensive peptides.
  • 870
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer Stem Cell
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common urological malignancy and brings great health threats to men. 
  • 870
  • 24 Apr 2023
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