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Topic Review
Himalayan Sources of Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins, the colored water-soluble pigments, have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers for their novel applications. The sources of anthocyanin are highly diverse, and it can be easily extracted. The unique biodiversity of the Himalayan Mountain range is an excellent source of anthocyanin, but it is not completely explored. Numerous attempts have been made to study the phytochemical aspects of different Himalayan plants. In this entry, some Himalayan sources of anthocyanins have been described to create a path for further research and sustainable utilization. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Invasive Mechanisms of Mimosa pigra
Mimosa pigra is native to Tropical America, and it has naturalized in many other countries especially in Australia, Eastern and Southern Africa and South Asia. The species is listed in the top 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species and is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. M. pigra forms very large monospecific stands in a wet–dry tropical climate with conditions such as floodplains, riverbanks, grasslands, forests and agricultural fields.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Euphorbia officinarum L.
Euphorbia officinarum L. is a Moroccan endemic plant known as “Tikiout” and “Daghmus” that can also be found in Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Algeria. This species has been used in folk medicine as anti-diabetic; in the treatment of skin diseases when associated with Opuntia ficus-barbarica, Zea mays and Ziziphus lotus, and honey for eliminating helminths, in the treatment of pyelonephritis and cystitis. Triterpenes, phytosterols and ingol diterpenes have been isolated and identified in the latex of Moroccan E. officinarum, nevertheless the biggest interest has been to obtain derivatives by hemisynthesis from natural triterpenes with insecticidal and antimicrobial activity. In Morocco, the E. officinarum honey is considered the most precious; nevertheless, many times it is mixed with other Euphorbiaceae honeys. To increase the commercial value of a monofloral E. officinarum honey, it would be important to find one or more specific markers for this type of honey to be sure of its authenticity.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
121-PDS-ihpRNA-mediated silencing of PDS gene
Long introm-spliced hairpin RNA (ihpRNA) constructs which contained inverted repeats of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) separated by an intron, had been shown to very effective in triggering PDS silencing in Brassica napus. Using the PDS gene as a target control, it was shown that the RCA-mediated long ihpRNA construct was signicantly effective in triggering gene silence in B. napus.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Plant Photorespiratory Metabolism
Photorespiration (PR) is a metabolic repair pathway that acts in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms to degrade a toxic product of oxygen fixation generated by the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Within the metabolic pathway, energy is consumed and carbon dioxide released.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Cistus sp.
Cistusis a Mediterranean native genus of shrubs belonging to the familyCistaceae. Species of this genus can grow during hot summers and after wildfires.Cistusspecies are most widespread in the Mediterranean region, whilst some of them are endemic.Cistusplants can grow under slightly different environmental conditions. Most species are very fragrant and sweet-smelling.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Breeding Inducer Development
Different approaches that can be used for maize maternal haploid inducer development are explained in this entry. For a complete review on maternal haploid inducers, see: https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/5/614/htm
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Biotechnology of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
Plants belonging to the monocotyledonous Amaryllidaceae family include about 1100 species divided among 75 genera. They are well known as medicinal and ornamental plants, producing pharmaceutically important alkaloids, the most intensively investigated of which are galanthamine and lycorine. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids possess various biological activities, the most important one being their anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Due to increased demand for Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (mainly galanthamine) and the limited availability of plant sources, in vitro culture technology has attracted the attention of researchers as a prospective alternative for their sustainable production. Plant in vitro systems have been extensively used for continuous, sustainable, and economically viable production of bioactive plant secondary metabolites. Over the past two decades, a significant success has been demonstrated in the development of in vitro systems synthesizing Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. The present material discusses the state of the art of in vitro Amaryllidaceae alkaloids production, summarizing the authors’ point of view on the development of biotechnological production processes with a focus on the future prospects of in vitro culture technology for the commercial production of these valuable alkaloids.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Wheat Omics
Plant omics, including genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, have played a remarkable role in discovering new genes and biomolecules that can be deployed for crop improvement. In wheat, great insights have been gleaned from the utilization of diverse omics approaches for both qualitative and quantitative traits. Especially, a combination of omics approaches has led to significant advances in gene discovery and pathway investigations and in deciphering the essential components of stress responses and yields.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Duckweeds in Different Civilizations
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae Martinov) are a globally spread family of higher plants with greatly reduced anatomies that float in slow-moving waters, such as found at river or lake edges or in still ponds and pools. Although these small plants are full-fledged monocot angiosperms, they reproduce mainly by vegetative budding at rapid rates, forming floating mats of verdant green in their natural habitat. The family is divided into five genera (Spirodela Schleid., Lemna L., Landoltia Les and Crawford, Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid. and Wolffiella Hegelm.) and has 36 species. The first monograph dedicated to the duckweeds was published in 1839, while biochemical studies of the family initiated around the 1950s. Due to their miniature size, rapid growth rates, and ease of manipulation, interest in duckweeds both as a molecular-genetic research tool and in agrotechnology is now flourishing in the post-genomic era.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Fagus sylvatica L. mitochondrial genome
Fagus sylvatica L., is one of the most important and widespread deciduous tree species in Central Europe and is widely managed for its hard wood. The complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Fagus sylvatica L. was assembled and annotated based on Illumina MiSeq reads and validated using long reads from nanopore MinION sequencing. The genome assembled into a single DNA sequence of 504,715 bp in length containing 58 genes with predicted function, including 35 protein-coding, 20 tRNA and three rRNA genes. Additionally, 23 putative protein-coding genes were predicted supported by RNA-Seq data. Aiming at the development of taxon-specific mitochondrial genetic markers, the tool SNPtax was developed and applied to select genic SNPs potentially specific for different taxa within the Fagales. Further validation of a small SNP set resulted in the development of four CAPS markers specific for Fagus, Fagaceae, or Fagales, respectively, when considering over 100 individuals from a total of 69 species of deciduous trees and conifers from up to 15 families included in the marker validation. The CAPS marker set is suitable to identify the genus Fagus in DNA samples from tree tissues or wood products, including wood composite products. 
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Boron
Boron (B) is a chemical element with atomic number 5. It has two isotopes, 10B and 11B, with a relative abundance of 20% and 80%, respectively, giving an atomic weight of 10.81. Together with Silicon and Germanium, B is considered a metalloid because it has intermediate properties between metals and non-metals. Its requirement for plant growth has been known for one century. Plants take up B mainly in the form of boric acid and its deficiency causes a plethora of symptoms. The biological functions of B are associated with its capacity to form borate cross-links with polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Endophytic Fungi of Olive Tree
Endophytic fungi are plant-associated microorganisms which inhabit living tissues and do not cause any harmful effect to their host. They can establish mutualistic relationships based on plant protection or growth promotion.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Study Molecular Mechanisms in Cannabis sativa
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), also known as hemp, is one of the oldest cultivated crops, grown for both its use in textile and cordage production, and its unique chemical properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Walnut Bacterial Blight Disease
The interaction between the plant host, walnut (Juglans regia; Jr), and a deadly pathogen (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis 417; Xaj) can lead to walnut bacterial blight (WB), which depletes walnut productivity by degrading the nut quality. Here, we dissect this pathosystem using tandem mass tag quantitative proteomics. Walnut hull tissues inoculated with Xaj were compared to mock-inoculated tissues, and 3972 proteins were identified, of which 3296 are from Jr and 676 from Xaj. Proteins with differential abundance include oxidoreductases, proteases, and enzymes involved in energy metabolism and amino acid interconversion pathways. Defense responses and plant hormone biosynthesis were also increased. Xaj proteins detected in infected tissues demonstrate its ability to adapt to the host microenvironment, limiting iron availability, coping with copper toxicity, and maintaining energy and intermediary metabolism. Secreted proteases and extracellular secretion apparatus such as type IV pilus for twitching motility and type III secretion effectors indicate putative factors recognized by the host. Taken together, these results suggest intense degradation processes, oxidative stress, and general arrest of the biosynthetic metabolism in infected nuts. Our results provide insights into molecular mechanisms and highlight potential molecular tools for early detection and disease control strategies.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Silver lime (Tilia tomentosa)
Silver lime (Tilia tomentosa), a moderately drought-tolerant, thermophilous tree species of South-eastern Europe is considered suitable for the future.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Genome Editing with DSBs
Genome editing requires gRNA, the Cas9 protein, donor template, and repairing mechanism for the editing of the genome, while base editing uses the reprogrammable deaminase intending to introduce the bases at the targeted sites without any cleavage and induction of Double-Stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). In the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism, DSBs are generated that are associated with some complex off-target effects, including p53 activation and translocations.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microalgae Harvesting
This presents the extractions, characterisations, and applications of natural coagulant in microalgae harvesting. The promising future of microalgae as a next-generation energy source is reviewed and the significant drawbacks of conventional microalgae harvesting. The performances of natural coagulant in microalgae harvesting are studied and outperformed alum. The aim of this work is to elucidate the key aspects for extraction of natural coagulants (plant, microbial and animal) and discussed with justifications. This information could contribute to future exploration of novel natural coagulants by providing description of optimised extraction steps for a number of natural coagulants. Besides, the characterisations of natural coagulants have garnered a great deal of attention, and the strategies to enhance the flocculating activity based on their characteristics are discussed. Several important characterisations have been tabulated in this review such as physical aspects, including surface morphology and surface charges; chemical aspects, including molecular weight, functional group and elemental properties; and thermal stability parameters including thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Legume Nodule Senescence
Delaying the nodule senescence of legume crops can prolong the time of nitrogen fixation and attenuate the lack of fertilizer in the later stage of legume crop cultivation, resulting in improved crop yield and reduced usage of nitrogen fertilizer. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chestnut Gall Wasp and Chestnut
Castanea sativa is an important multipurpose species in Europe for nut and timber production as well as for its role in the landscape and in the forest ecosystem. This species has low tolerance to chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu), which is a pest that was accidentally introduced into Europe in early 2000 and devastated forest and orchard trees. Resistance to the gall wasp was found in the hybrid cultivar ‘Bouche de Bétizac’ (C. sativa × C. crenata) and studied by developing genetic linkage maps using a population derived from a cross between ‘Bouche de Bétizac’ and the susceptible cultivar ‘Madonna’ (C. sativa). The high-density genetic maps were constructed using double-digest restriction site-associated DNA-seq and simple sequence repeat markers. The map of ‘Bouche de Bétizac’ consisted of 1459 loci and spanned 809.6 cM; the map of ‘Madonna’ consisted of 1089 loci and spanned 753.3 cM. In both maps, 12 linkage groups were identified. A single major QTL was recognized on the ‘Bouche de Bétizac’ map, explaining up to 67–69% of the phenotypic variance of the resistance trait (Rdk1). The Rdk1 quantitative trait loci (QTL) region included 11 scaffolds and two candidate genes putatively involved in the resistance response were identified. This study will contribute to C. sativa breeding programs and to the study of Rdk1 genes.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Aug 2020
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