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Topic Review
Penicillium polinicum and Helianthus tuberosus
During preservation, Jerusalem artichoke (JA) tubers are subjected to deterioration by mold fungi under storage, which signifies a serious problem. A new blue mold (Penicillium polonium) was recorded for the first time on JA tubers. Penicillium mold was isolated, identified (morphologically, and molecularly), and deposited in GenBank; (MW041259). The fungus has a multi-lytic capacity, facilitated by various enzymes capable of severely destroying the tuber components. An economic oil-based procedure was applied for preserving and retaining the nutritive value of JA tubers under storage conditions. Caraway and clove essential oils, at a concentration of 2%, were selected based on their strong antifungal actions. JA tubers were treated with individual oils under storage, kept between peat moss layers, and stored at room temperature. Tubers treated with both oils exhibited lower blue mold severity, sprouting and weight loss, and higher levels of carbohydrates, inulin, and protein contents accompanied by increased levels of defense-related phytochemicals (total phenols, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase). Caraway was superior, but the results endorse the use of both essential oils for the preservation of JA tubers at room temperature, as an economic and eco-safe storage technique against the new blue mold.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Salt Stress in Avocado
Avocado (Persea americana) is a crop of rising importance, with high nutritional and economic values. Salt stress is a major limiting factor in avocado.  This entry’s objective was to evaluate the physiological salt response of avocado as a function of the rootstock. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Plants
Chromium (Cr) is one of the top seven toxic heavy metals, being ranked 21st among the abundantly found metals in the earth’s crust. A huge amount of Cr releases from various industries and Cr mines, which is accumulating in the agricultural land, is significantly reducing crop development, growth, and yield. Chromium mediates phytotoxicity either by direct interaction with different plant parts and metabolic pathways or it generates internal stress by inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the role of Cr-induced ROS in phytotoxicity is very important. In the current study, we reviewed the most recent publications regarding Cr-induced ROS, Cr-induced alteration in the enzymatic antioxidant system, Cr-induced lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, Cr-induced DNA damage and genotoxicity, Cr-induced ultrastructural changes in cell and subcellular level, and Cr-induced alterations in photosynthesis and photosynthetic apparatus. Taken together, we conclude that Cr-induced ROS and the suppression of the enzymatic antioxidant system actually mediate Cr-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic, ultrastructural, and photosynthetic changes in plants
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Androgenic Plant Families in Breeding
One of the limitations in obtaining the genetic diversity of doubled haploid (DH) lines via anther culture is the development of families of regenerants, and each family represents a clone. This work examines the results of studying this phenomenon in anther culture of alloplasmic (H. vulgare)–T. aestivum and euplasmic lines with 1RS.1BL and 7DL-7Ai translocations and hybrids between them. Parameters of androgenesis such as the number of embryo-like structures, the total number of regenerants, and the number of green regenerants per 100 anthers varied depending on the genotype. In all genotypes from embryo-like structures, predominant development of families of plantlets rather than single plantlets was found. The source of family plantlets was polyembryos. About 75% of families consisted of regenerants at the same fertility level. On average, 37.74%4% of the R0 plants were fertile. The sister DH lines of three hybrid combinations were formed from seeds of R1 plants (2n = 42) with high fertility and in the presence of wheat–alien translocations. After four years of breeding trials, the sister DH lines of three families with fungal disease resistance increased yield, and some parameters of grain quality exceeding the controls were identified as promising for breeding.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2020
Biography
Junming Sun
Dr. Sun obtained his Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from China Agriculture University, Beijing, China. Currently, Dr. Sun is a Professor at the Institute of Crop Sciences, CAAS. He mainly focuses on seed biochemistry quality analysis and molecular marker assisted selection for soybean breeding on yield, quality, and resistant characters, including protein and oil content, fatty acid
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Botryosphaeriaceae and Citrus in Europe
Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales) include several species reported as endophytes, latent, and woody plant pathogens on a broad range of host. The most common symptoms observed in association with species of Botryosphaeriaceae are twig, branch and trunk cankers, die-back, collar rot, root cankers, gummosis, decline and, in severe cases, plant death.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
J-Proteins in the Chloroplast
The J-proteins, also called DNAJ-proteins or heat shock protein 40 (HSP40), are one of the famous molecular chaperones. J-proteins, HSP70s and other chaperones work together as constitute ubiquitous types of molecular chaperone complex, which function in a wide variety of physiological processes. J-proteins are widely distributed in major cellular compartments. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Brassinosteroid Signaling Networks
Brassinosteroids, the steroid hormones of plants, control physiological and developmental processes through its signaling pathway. The major brassinosteroid signaling network components, from the receptor to transcription factors, have been identified in the past two decades. The development of biotechnologies has driven the identification of novel brassinosteroid signaling components, even revealing several crosstalks between brassinosteroid and other plant signaling pathways.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cistus sp.
Cistusis a Mediterranean native genus of shrubs belonging to the familyCistaceae. Species of this genus can grow during hot summers and after wildfires.Cistusspecies are most widespread in the Mediterranean region, whilst some of them are endemic.Cistusplants can grow under slightly different environmental conditions. Most species are very fragrant and sweet-smelling.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Trichostatin A
Trichostatin A (TSA) is a representative histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that modulates epigenetic gene expression by regulation of chromatin remodeling in cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biotechnology of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
Plants belonging to the monocotyledonous Amaryllidaceae family include about 1100 species divided among 75 genera. They are well known as medicinal and ornamental plants, producing pharmaceutically important alkaloids, the most intensively investigated of which are galanthamine and lycorine. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids possess various biological activities, the most important one being their anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Due to increased demand for Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (mainly galanthamine) and the limited availability of plant sources, in vitro culture technology has attracted the attention of researchers as a prospective alternative for their sustainable production. Plant in vitro systems have been extensively used for continuous, sustainable, and economically viable production of bioactive plant secondary metabolites. Over the past two decades, a significant success has been demonstrated in the development of in vitro systems synthesizing Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. The present material discusses the state of the art of in vitro Amaryllidaceae alkaloids production, summarizing the authors’ point of view on the development of biotechnological production processes with a focus on the future prospects of in vitro culture technology for the commercial production of these valuable alkaloids.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Citrus Cell Suspension Culture
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of epicotyl segment has been used in Citrus transgenic studies. The approach suffers, however, from limitations such as occasionally seed unavailability, the low transformation efficiency of juvenile tissues and the high frequency of chimeric plants. Therefore, a suspension cell culture system was established and used to generate transgenic plants in this study to overcome the shortcomings.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Plant miRNAs in Disease Resistance
It has become clear that microRNAs, a class of short single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-translational level, play a crucial role in coordinating plant-pathogen interactions. Specifically, miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phytohormone signals, reactive oxygen species, and NBS-LRR gene expression, thereby modulating the arms race between hosts and pathogens. Adding another level of complexity, it has recently been shown that specific lncRNAs (ceRNAs) can act as decoys that interact with and modulate the activity of miRNAs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plants
Inflammation is a natural protective response of the human body to a variety of hostile agents and noxious stimuli. Standard anti-inflammatory therapy includes drugs whose usage is associated with a number of side effects. Since ancient times, natural compounds have been used for the treatment of inflammation. Traditionally, the use of medicinal plants is considered safe, inexpensive, and widely acceptable. In Serbia, traditional medicine, based on the strong belief in the power of medicinal herbs, is the widespread form of treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Cambium
The vascular cambium is the main lateral meristem responsible for the secondary growth of trees. There are a number of explicit and implicit assumptions behind this statement which allow questions to be raised about the mechanism underlying the radial growth of trees. Based on the hypothesis of the diurnal strains of plant organs, it is anticipated that the process of radial growth can be understood as an adaptation to the cyclically changing mechanical stress in the radial direction generated by the phloem during the 24 h day cycle.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plant Photorespiratory Metabolism
Photorespiration (PR) is a metabolic repair pathway that acts in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms to degrade a toxic product of oxygen fixation generated by the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Within the metabolic pathway, energy is consumed and carbon dioxide released.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
121-PDS-ihpRNA-mediated silencing of PDS gene
Long introm-spliced hairpin RNA (ihpRNA) constructs which contained inverted repeats of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) separated by an intron, had been shown to very effective in triggering PDS silencing in Brassica napus. Using the PDS gene as a target control, it was shown that the RCA-mediated long ihpRNA construct was signicantly effective in triggering gene silence in B. napus.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Endophytic Fungi of Olive Tree
Endophytic fungi are plant-associated microorganisms which inhabit living tissues and do not cause any harmful effect to their host. They can establish mutualistic relationships based on plant protection or growth promotion.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Mechanism of Metal Homeostasis in Plants
Heavy metal stress (HMS) is one of the most destructive abiotic stresses which seriously affects the growth and development of plants. In general, three core signals are involved in plants’ responses to HMS; these are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), calcium, and hormonal (abscisic acid) signals. In addition to these signal components, other regulatory factors, such as microRNAs and membrane proteins, also play an important role in regulating HMS responses in plants. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Euphorbia officinarum L.
Euphorbia officinarum L. is a Moroccan endemic plant known as “Tikiout” and “Daghmus” that can also be found in Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Algeria. This species has been used in folk medicine as anti-diabetic; in the treatment of skin diseases when associated with Opuntia ficus-barbarica, Zea mays and Ziziphus lotus, and honey for eliminating helminths, in the treatment of pyelonephritis and cystitis. Triterpenes, phytosterols and ingol diterpenes have been isolated and identified in the latex of Moroccan E. officinarum, nevertheless the biggest interest has been to obtain derivatives by hemisynthesis from natural triterpenes with insecticidal and antimicrobial activity. In Morocco, the E. officinarum honey is considered the most precious; nevertheless, many times it is mixed with other Euphorbiaceae honeys. To increase the commercial value of a monofloral E. officinarum honey, it would be important to find one or more specific markers for this type of honey to be sure of its authenticity.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
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