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Topic Review
The Proteasome System
The proteasome system is a large and complex molecular machinery responsible for the degradation of misfolded, damaged, and redundant cellular proteins. When proteasome function is impaired, unwanted proteins accumulate, which can lead to several diseases including age-related and neurodegenerative diseases. Enhancing proteasome-mediated substrate degradation with small molecules may therefore be a valuable strategy for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s diseases. 
  • 3.0K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Biography
Matt Ridley
Matthew White Ridley, 5th Viscount Ridley DL FRSL FMedSci[1] (born 7 February 1958)[2] is a British journalist and businessman. Ridley is best known for his writings on science, the environment, and economics.[3] He has written several science books including The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature (1994), Genome (1999), The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves (2010) and The E
  • 3.0K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Drilling Fluids for Extended-Reach Wells
In the planning phase of extended-reach well (ERW), special attention should be paid to the choice of drilling fluid. Selected drilling fluids for extended-reach wells should satisfy the same basic functions that are common to all drilling fluids, and they have to provide excellent reservoir protection. When drilling extended-reach wells, the following critical factors should be considered: hole cleaning, torque and drag, borehole stability, equivalent circulating density (ECD) and lost circulation. So far, oil-based mud (OBM) and water-based mud (WBM) have also been used in practice, but the emphasis is on the application of environmentally friendly additives.
  • 3.0K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
MEMS Actuators for Fiber-Optic Endoscopes
Endoscopes are used routinely in modern medicine for in-vivo imaging of luminal organs. Technical advances in the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and optical fields have enabled the further miniaturization of endoscopes, resulting in the ability to image previously inaccessible small-caliber luminal organs, enabling the early detection of lesions and other abnormalities in these tissues. A large number of optical devices have been researched and developed for imaging purposes. Among these, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal microscopy (CM), and photoacoustic (PA) imaging are the predominant ones. The size of an endoscope is highly dependent on the actuation and scanning method used to illuminate the target image area. Different actuation methods used in the design of small-sized cantilever-based endoscopes are reviewed in here along with their working principles, advantages and disadvantages, generated scanning patterns, and applications.
  • 3.0K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact Tourism Stakeholder
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry is still sustained, and the response of the tourism industry is an indispensable element that is increasingly recognized. This response has led to the emergence of literature about the impact of COVID-19 on the stakeholders of the tourism industry, thereby contributing to the industry. Nonetheless, criterion factors and investigated practices on the implementation of decision-making by stakeholders in the tourism industry have not been fully explored. Practically, the irresistible risk industry is already synonymous with tourism. Indeed, it is an unstable industry. 2003, 2 million tourists reduce of SARS. 2009, Global Economic Crisis tourist 37 million reduce. 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, the world's borders are blocked, all international travel is stopped, and the mobility of tourists is prohibited. However, effective decision-making is lacking, and few studies have determined the solutions in the tourism industry of stakeholder. How the tourism industry survives under the crisis context is an urgent issue.
  • 3.0K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Integration of Offshore Wind with Tidal Energy
Reducing the cost of electricity generation and integrating renewable energy sources are two essential factors in encouraging the development of novel ideas to tackle the lack of enough electricity and proposing alternatives for fossil fuels. Compared with onshore wind energy resources, offshore wind fields have many advantages, such as persistent wind, faster-flowing speed, higher uniformity, and longer available time per year, flat sea surface, and low turbulence intensity, which promotes the vigorous development of the offshore wind power industry.
  • 3.0K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Protein S-Glutathionylation
S-glutathionylation, the post-translational modification forming mixed disulfides between protein reactive thiols and glutathione, regulates redox-based signaling events in the cell and serves as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage. S-glutathionylation alters protein function, interactions, and localization across physiological processes, and its aberrant function is implicated in various human diseases.
  • 3.0K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Kinesthetic Learning
Kinesthetic learning (American English), kinaesthetic learning (British English), or tactile learning is a learning style in which learning takes place by the students carrying out physical activities, rather than listening to a lecture or watching demonstrations. As cited by Favre (2009), Dunn and Dunn define kinesthetic learners as students who require whole-body movement to process new and difficult information.
  • 3.0K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
P62
P62 is a versatile protein involved in the delicate balance between cell death and survival, which is fundamental for cell fate decision in the context of both cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. As an autophagy adaptor, p62 recognizes polyubiquitin chains and interacts with LC3, thereby targeting the selected cargo to the autophagosome with consequent autophagic degradation. Beside this function, p62 behaves as an interactive hub in multiple signalling including those mediated by Nrf2, NF-κB, caspase-8, and mTORC1. The protein is thus crucial for the control of oxidative stress, inflammation and cell survival, apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming, respectively. As a multifunctional protein, p62 falls into the category of those factors that can exert opposite roles in the cells. Chronic p62 accumulation was found in many types of tumors as well as in stress granules present in different forms of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the protein seems to have a Janus behaviour since it may also serve protective functions against tumorigenesis or neurodegeneration. 
  • 3.0K
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
CO2 Hydroboration
The use of CO2 as C1 building block for chemical synthesis is receiving growing attention, due to the potential of this simple molecule as abundant and cheap renewable feedstock. Among the possible reductants used in the literature to bring about CO2 reduction to C1 derivatives, hydroboranes have found various applications, in the presence of suitable homogenous catalysts. The main results obtained since 2016 in the synthetic design of main group, first and second row transition metals for use as catalysts for CO2 hydroboration are summarized.
  • 3.0K
  • 04 Jun 2024
Topic Review
Flow Resistance Due to Vegetation
Vegetation on the riverbed, banks and flooding areas of watercourses significantly affects energy losses. Energy dissipation takes on different values depending on whether the vegetation is emergent or submerged, rigid or flexible. Many models have been proposed in the scientific literature for its evaluation.
  • 3.0K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Chloroplasts in Plant Stress Responses
The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression machinery and synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which contribute the plant response to adverse conditions.
  • 3.0K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change in Vietnam
Vietnam is considered, in coming decades, to be among the most affected countries by global climate change. A large number of studies that Vietnam is experiencing climate change and will be severely negatively affected in coming decades. These negative effects include sea level rise, salinity intrusion and other hydrological problems like flood, river mouth evolution, sedimentation as well as the increasing frequency of natural hazards such as cold waves, storm surges will all exert negative effects on the country's development and economy including agriculture, aquaculture, road infrastructure, etc. Some issues, such as land subsidence (caused by excessive groundwater extraction) further worsen some of the effects climate change will bring (sea level rise) especially in areas such as the Mekong Delta. The government, NGOs, and citizens have taken various measures to mitigate and adapt to the impact.
  • 3.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Catholic Encyclopedia
File:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 1.djvu The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States and designed to serve the Roman Catholic Church. The first volume appeared in March 1907 and the last three volumes appeared in 1912, followed by a master index volume in 1914 and later supplementary volumes. It was designed "to give its readers full and authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine". The Catholic Encyclopedia was published by the Robert Appleton Company (RAC), a publishing company incorporated at New York in February 1905 for the express purpose of publishing the encyclopedia. The five members of the encyclopedia's Editorial Board also served as the directors of the company. In 1912 the company's name was changed to The Encyclopedia Press. Publication of the encyclopedia's volumes was the sole business conducted by the company during the project's lifetime.
  • 3.0K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Faults in a Photovoltaic System
Photovoltaic systems are prone to breaking down due to harsh conditions. In photovoltaic systems, various types of faults can cause power loss in some way. To improve the reliability of these systems, diagnostic methods using Machine Learning (ML) have been developed. 
  • 3.0K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Advantages and Disadvantages of Commercial Rootstocks for Peaches
Prunus is a genus from the Rosaceae family that encompasses about 230 species that are widely distributed across the world. Three-quarters of the Prunus species are native to Asia, Europe, and North America, and the remaining other species are native to the subtropical and tropical forests of Asia, Africa, South America, and Australia. The most common recent ancestor of Amygdalus was widespread from West Asia to Eastern Asia (China) ~50 million years ago, with a subsequent diversification into almonds in West Asia and peaches in Eastern Asia.
  • 3.0K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Biography
Gustav Otto
Gustav Otto (12 January 1883 – 28 February 1926) was a German aircraft and aircraft engine designer and manufacturer. Gustav was born in Cologne to Nikolaus August Otto, the founder of N. A. Otto & Cie. and inventor of the four-stroke internal combustion engine. It is therefore regarded that his interest in engines, specifically aircraft and the manufacture thereof, was something he inherited
  • 3.0K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Control Strategy for High Speed On/off Valves
Digital hydraulic technology is considered to be a potential solution to replace traditional hydraulic servo control technology in the “Industry 4.0” era. Digital valves mainly consist of incremental digital valves and high speed on/off valves (HSV), of which the former have been abandoned by academia and industry due to its low-frequency and tendency to become out-of-step. 
  • 3.0K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
High-Performance Laser Scribing of Thin Film Solar Cells
The development of thin-film photovoltaics has emerged as a promising solution to the global energy crisis within the field of solar cell technology. However, transitioning from laboratory scale to large-area solar cells requires precise and high-quality scribes to achieve the required voltage and reduce ohmic losses. Laser scribing has shown great potential in preserving efficiency by minimizing the drop in geometrical fill factor, resistive losses, and shunt formation. However, due to the laser induced photothermal effects, various defects can initiate and impact the quality of scribed grooves and weaken the module’s efficiency. In this regard, much research has been conducted to analyze the geometrical fill factor, surface integrity, and electrical performance of the laser scribes to reach higher power conversion efficiencies.
  • 3.0K
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Plug-In Electric Vehicles in the United Kingdom
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom is actively supported by the British government through the plug-in car and van grants schemes and other incentives. Around 455,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until February 2021, consisting of about 215,000 all-electric vehicles and 240,000 plug-in hybrids. Until 2019, the UK had the second largest European stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles in use after Norway.
  • 3.0K
  • 11 Nov 2022
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