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Topic Review
Integrated Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Systems
Integrated photovoltaic-fuel cell (IPVFC) system uses photovoltaics and fuel cells to majorly generate power and hydrogen, using solar energy as the prime mover. IPVFC amongst other integrated energy generation methodologies are renewable and clean energy technologies that have received diverse research and development attentions over the last few decades due to their potential applications in a hydrogen economy.
  • 3.1K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Atmospheric Turbulence
The foundation of any smart city requires an innovative and robust communication infrastructure. Many research communities envision free-space optical communication (FSO) as a promising backbone technology for the services and applications provided by such cities. However, the channel through which the FSO signal travels is the atmosphere. Therefore, the FSO performance is limited by the local weather conditions. The variation in meteorological variables leads to variations of the refractive index along the transmission path. These index inhomogeneities (i.e., atmospheric turbulence) can significantly degrade the performance of FSO systems.  The effect of atmospheric turbulence on FSO systems is a considerable challenge. Such turbulence can produce beam scintillation, spreading, and wandering, resulting in a significant reduction in BER performance and the inability to use the communication link.
  • 3.1K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Detecting Lithium Mineralizations from Space
Optical and thermal remote sensing data have been an important tool in geological exploration for certain deposit types. However, the present economic and technological advances demand the adaptation of the remote sensing data and image processing techniques to the exploration of other raw materials like lithium (Li). A review of the application studies and developments in this field was also made. The addressed topics include: (i) achievements made in Li exploration using remote sensing methods; (ii) the main weaknesses of the approaches; (iii) how to overcome these difficulties; and (iv) the expected research perspectives. We expect that the number of studies concerning this topic will increase in the near future and that remote sensing will become an integrated and fundamental tool in Li exploration.
  • 3.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microcystins
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose an environmental health hazard due to the release of water-soluble cyanotoxins. One of the most prevalent cyanotoxins in nature is microcystins (MCs), a class of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, and they are produced by several common cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. Once released from cyanobacterial cells, MCs are subjected to physical chemical and biological transformations in natural environments. MCs can also be taken up and accumulated in aquatic organisms and their grazers/predators and induce toxic effects in several organisms, including humans.
  • 3.1K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Structure and Function of FSP1
Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), an NAD(P)H-ubiquinone oxidoreductase that reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol, has emerged as a critical player in the regulation of ferroptosis. FSP1 operates independently of the canonical system xc–/glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway, making it a promising target for inducing ferroptosis in cancer cells and overcoming ferroptosis resistance.
  • 3.1K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes
Exosomes are lipid bilayer particles released from cells into their surrounding environment. These vesicles are mediators of near and long-distance intercellular communication and affect various aspects of cell biology. In addition to their biological function, they play an increasingly important role both in diagnosis and as therapeutic agents.
  • 3.1K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cherry Silverberry
The cherry silverberry (Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.) is a lesser-known plant species with high nutritional and therapeutic potential. Cherry silverberry contains numerous biologically active compounds. The cherry silverberry is a shrub growing up to 3 m. Its drupe-like fruit is ellipsoidal, up to 1 cm long, and set on stems. It is red in color, juicy, and sour, and its taste resembles that of red currants.
  • 3.1K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Wink
A wink is a facial expression made by briefly closing one eye. A wink is an informal mode of non-verbal communication usually signaling shared hidden knowledge or intent. However, it is ambiguous by itself and highly dependent upon additional context, without which a wink could become misinterpreted or even nonsensical. For example, in some regions of the world, a wink may be considered rude or offensive. And depending on the relationship of the people involved, a wink could possibly constitute a sexual gesture.
  • 3.1K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Acidobacteria
Acidobacteria is a phylum of bacteria. Its members are physiologically diverse and ubiquitous, especially in soils, but are under-represented in culture.
  • 3.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DNS Tunnelling Detection
The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol is fundamental to the operation of the Internet with the primary purpose of translating domain names to IP addresses. This important service facilitates access to the Internet by using website names or any arbitrary domain names. The DNS protocol communicates internal requests to external remote servers and creates a landscape for attackers to perform malicious activities such as stealing credentials and sensitive data. One of the most effective DNS attack types is DNS tunnelling, where the attacker creates a tunnel between the client’s network and the attacker’s machine, utilising command and control channels to obscure data and bypass the firewall and intrusion detection systems.
  • 3.1K
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
HIV-1 Capsid Protein
The capsid (CA) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an essential structural component of a virion and facilitates many crucial life cycle steps through interactions with host cell factors. Capsid shields the reverse transcription complex from restriction factors while it enables trafficking to the nucleus by hijacking various adaptor proteins, such as FEZ1 and BICD2. In addition, the capsid facilitates the import and localization of the viral complex in the nucleus through interaction with NUP153, NUP358, TNPO3, and CPSF-6. In the later stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, CA plays an essential role in the maturation step as a constituent of the Gag polyprotein. In the final phase of maturation, Gag is cleaved, and CA is released, allowing for the assembly of CA into a fullerene cone, known as the capsid core. The fullerene cone consists of ~250 CA hexamers and 12 CA pentamers and encloses the viral genome and other essential viral proteins for the next round of infection. As research continues to elucidate the role of CA in the HIV-1 life cycle and the importance of the capsid protein becomes more apparent, CA displays potential as a therapeutic target for the development of HIV-1 inhibitors.
  • 3.1K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Polylactic Acid for Single-Use Laboratory Components
Sustainability needs have driven interest in polymers which are degradable, recyclable, and/or derived from eco-friendly input materials. Biomass-based polymers are one option with many benefits to sustainability: reducing dependence on fossil fuel extraction; produced from renewable resources; may make use of waste materials; and better biodegradability. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is one of the most commonly used bioplastics, in 2021 it was reported to hold the largest market share worldwidefor biodegradable bioplastics manufacturing capacity.
  • 3.1K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Preparation Techniques
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are an alternate carrier system to liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic carriers. SLNs have attracted increasing attention for delivering drugs, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. These nanocarriers have attracted industrial attention due to their ease of preparation, physicochemical stability, and scalability. These characteristics make SLNs attractive for manufacture on a large scale. 
  • 3.1K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Mechanical Design and Optimization
Machine learning, by definition, refers to the development of knowledge by computers using input data. Mechanical engineering is a strong area for this technology. Older machine builders have gained significant knowledge through several case studies and efficient workflows. This creates the opportunity to approach new projects, to be able to either use their technical knowledge with familiar elements that have already been discovered or use their experience to learn and adapt to new challenges. Newcomers to the field learn in this way and gather their effectiveness and knowledge; when it comes to learning, engineering is one of the areas where much of the learning takes place at work. How well it pays depends on the ability to collect and process information.
  • 3.1K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Salvage Surgery
The representative surgical intervention for unresectable stage III/IV NSCLC is salvage surgery, which refers to surgical treatment for local residual/recurrent lesions after definitive non-surgical treatment. Surgical intervention is also used for an oligometastatic stage IV NSCLC. 
  • 3.0K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Water-Driven Music
Water-driven music technology has been one of the primary sources of human leisure from prehistoric times up until the present. Water powered, along with air pressure organs, have been used throughout history. One of them was an organ of fountains located inside a formal garden. 
  • 3.0K
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Entomopathogenic Fungi
Numerous fungal microorganisms are pathogenic for many insect and nematode species and are able to control the natural populations of these by limiting their spread. There are more than one thousand species that infect and parasitize insects. Entomopathogenic Hypocreales are opportunistic pathogens highly adapted to infect insects and mites as a result of adaptations developed over time, such as the ability to overcome the host’s immune system defenses and the production of cuticular enzymes and degrading substances. They are globally and widely distributed in nature, ubiquitous across all environmental matrices, and can be easily grown in mass.
  • 3.0K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Astaxanthin on Human Skin Ageing
Skin ageing is becoming a global challenge due to longer human longevity and intensive ultra-violet rays contributed to the ozone layer destruction, attracting greater scientific interests in developing nutricoesmetic products, especially from natural functional ingredients with lower side-effects. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which could be extracted from the byproduct of processed crustaceans, prevented skin photoaging and age-related skin diseases in the animal models. But these byproducts are generally discarded as marine waste, losing potentially valuable ingredients, and causing serious environmental problems by accumulating high amounts of organic materials. ASX may have cosmetical potential to prevent or reverse human skin ageing, which has been evaluated in several previous papers. Here, we conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis to help clarify its human skincare effects, which promote marine waste recycling, environmental protection, and sustainable development.   
  • 3.0K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Silicon Nanoparticles from Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
The silica comes from the soil in the form of silicic acid, which the sugarcane plant absorbs and collects around the cellulose micro-compartments.
  • 3.0K
  • 12 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Green Taxes in Africa
Environmental or green taxation has been increasingly seen as a productive economic instrument to generate incentives to stimulate more environmentally friendly consumption and production choices and trends. Growing attention to environmental challenges such as the lack of optimum, effective, and responsible usage of natural resources, health concerns from the use of some energy resources, environmental degradation, and climate change have driven the implementation of green taxes. These taxes have been used by various countries, regions and continents on variegated areas and driven by an array of motives. The African continent has also put in place environmental taxes as evidenced in various countries.
  • 3.0K
  • 28 Sep 2022
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