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Topic Review
Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease
Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles (BEVs) possess the capability of intracellular interactions with other cells, and, hence, can be utilized as an efficient cargo for worldwide delivery of therapeutic substances such as monoclonal antibodies, proteins, plasmids, siRNA, and small molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). BEVs additionally possess a remarkable capacity for delivering these therapeutics across the blood–brain barrier to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
  • 934
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Neglected Human Systemic Mycoses Diagnosis
Systemic mycoses have been viewed as neglected diseases and they are responsible for deaths and disabilities around the world. Rapid, low-cost, simple, highly-specific and sensitive diagnostic tests are critical components of patient care, disease control and active surveillance. 
  • 933
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Small Proteins in Cyanobacterial Biotechnology
In cyanobacteria, many enzymes and metabolic pathways are regulated differently compared to other bacteria. For instance, while glutamine synthetase in proteobacteria is mainly regulated by covalent enzyme modifications, the same enzyme in cyanobacteria is controlled by the interaction with unique small proteins. Other prominent examples, such as the small protein CP12 which controls the Calvin–Benson cycle, indicate that the regulation of enzymes and/or pathways via the attachment of small proteins might be a widespread mechanism in cyanobacteria. Hence, small proteins might pose a promising addition to the existing tool box for molecular engineering of cyanobacteria.
  • 931
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Micropropagation Protocol of Phyllanthus niruri
Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) or Dukung Anak is a herbal plant in the Phyllanthaceae family that has been used traditionally to treat various ailments such as diabetes, jaundice, flu and cough. P. niruri contains numerous medicinal benefits such as anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic properties and a remedy for hepatitis B viral infection. Due to its beneficial properties, P. niruri is overharvested and wild plants become scarce. This study was conducted to develop an appropriate in vitro culture protocol for the mass production of P. niruri. An aseptic culture of P. niruri was established followed by multiplication of explants using different types of basal medium and its strength and plant growth regulators manipulation. This study also established the induction of in vitro rooting utilizing various types and concentrations of auxin. Treatment of Clorox® with 30% concentration showed the lowest percentage (%) of contamination, 4.44% in P. niruri culture. Nodal segments of P. niruri were successfully induced in full-strength of Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media with 2.33 number of shoots, 3.11 cm length of shoot and 27.91 number of leaves. In addition, explants in full-strength MS media without any additional cytokinin were recorded as the optimum results for all parameters including the number of shoots (5.0 shoots), the length of shoots (3.68 cm) and the number of leaves (27.33 leaves). Treatment of 2.5 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) showed the highest number of roots (17.92 roots) and root length (1.29 cm). Rooted explants were transferred for acclimatization, and the plantlet showed over 80% of survival rate. In conclusion, plantlets of P. niruri were successfully induced and multiplied via in vitro culture, which could be a step closer to its commercialization.
  • 931
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Microbe Interactions under the Extreme Habitats
Plant-microbe associations define a key interaction and have significant ecological and biotechnological perspectives. In recent times, plant-associated microbes from extreme environments have been extensively explored for their multifaceted benefits to plants and the environment, thereby gaining momentum in global research. Plant-associated extremophiles highlight ubiquitous occurrences, inhabiting extreme habitats and exhibiting enormous diversity. The remarkable capacity of extremophiles to exist in extreme environmental conditions is attributed to the evolution of adaptive mechanisms in these microbes at genetic and physiological levels. In addition, the plant-associated extremophiles have a major impact in promoting plant growth and development and conferring stress tolerance to the host plant, thereby contributing immensely to plant adaptation and survival in extreme conditions.
  • 931
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Sensitive Optical Detection
The advancement of science and technology has led to the recent development of highly sensitive pathogen biosensing techniques. The effective treatment of pathogen infections requires sensing technologies to not only be sensitive but also render results in real-time. Increasing numbers of human diseases are reported each year. Therefore, researchers need to develop a sensor that can easily detect different kinds of pathogens. In many situations, the analytes of interest are present in low concentrations in complex media. Therefore, additional efforts are required to improve the materials and technology on which biosensors rely to improve their sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity. Furthermore, the sensing performance of platforms with complex structures is often superior, but this commonly reduces stability.
  • 930
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Response to Abiotic Stresses of Birch, Oak, Poplar
Birch (Betula spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), and poplar (Populus spp.) are the most promising deciduous woody plants in forestry. These species were found to be sensitive to climate change that can badly affect their plantations. Thus, a deep understanding of genetic mechanisms of adaptation to adverse environmental conditions plays an important role in preventing the reduction of deciduous forest area. The stress responses of Betula spp., Quercus spp., and Populus spp. are described to drought and salt stresses
  • 930
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited multiple cancer syndrome of neuroendocrine tissues. Tumors are caused by an inherited germinal heterozygote inactivating mutation of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene, followed by a somatic loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the MEN1 gene in target neuroendocrine cells, mainly at parathyroids, pancreas islets, and anterior pituitary. Over 1500 different germline and somatic mutations of the MEN1 gene have been identified, but the syndrome is completely missing a direct genotype-phenotype correlation, thus supporting the hypothesis that exogenous and endogenous factors, other than MEN1 specific mutation, are involved in MEN1 tumorigenesis and definition of individual clinical phenotype.
  • 929
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
RNAi for Western Corn Rootworm Management
The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is an annual pest of maize in the United States Corn Belt. Larval feeding on the root system can promote significant yield loss through reduced water and nutrient uptake and decreased plant stability. Various management tactics, including crop rotation, insecticides, and transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner proteins, have been used to manage WCR densities. However, resistance has evolved to each of these tactics in local areas, highlighting the need for new management strategies. The use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for WCR management represents the next phase of species-specific pest management. 
  • 929
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biosafety of Genome Editing Applications
In the European Union plants developed by novel genomic techniques for directed mutagenesis are have to undergo an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) prior to release or placing on the market. However, specific guidance for such an ERA is still lacking. In this review we discuss the limited suitability of general denominators of risk/safety to predict the risks associated with individual genome edited (GE) plants and argue that there is no safety by default for whole groups of GE applications encompassing different individual GE organisms. We suggest integrating the following two sets of considerations into the ERA to address particular characteristics of GE plants: considerations related to the traits developed by GE and considerations addressing the assessment of method-related unintended effects, e.g. due to off-target modifications. In conclusion, we recommend that further specific guidance for the ERA and monitoring should be developed to facilitate a focused assessment approach for GE plants. 
  • 925
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics, Gut Microbiota, and Mental Health
Probiotics are gradually gaining importance in the field of psychiatry in the form of psychobiotics. The term psychobiotics was introduced to define a new class of probiotics able to produce substances that can affect the gut–brain connection, improve mood, decrease anxiety and depression, and bring many other benefits. The term itself suggests the connection both with the psyche and with the world of probiotics.
  • 924
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tissue Engineering Challenges for Cultivated Meat
Cultivated meat (CM) technology has the potential to disrupt the food industry—indeed, it is already an inevitable reality. This new technology is an alternative to solve the environmental, health and ethical issues associated with the demand for meat products. The global market longs for biotechnological improvements for the CM production chain. CM, also known as cultured, cell-based, lab-grown, in vitro or clean meat, is obtained through cellular agriculture, which is based on applying tissue engineering principles. In practice, it is first necessary to choose the best cell source and type, and then to furnish the necessary nutrients, growth factors and signalling molecules via cultivation media.
  • 919
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Endophytes for Curtailing Advanced Glycation End Products
Endophytes, microorganisms that live in the internal tissues and organs of plants, are known to produce numerous bioactive compounds, including, at times, some phytochemicals of their host plant. So, endophytes have been quoted as a potential source for discovering bioactive compounds, particularly, of medical interest, including compounds that inhibit the formation or prevent an excessive accumulation of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The high levels of AGEs in body tissues are linked with the pathogenesis and development of some non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that are threatening global human health, noticeably: diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other ailments linked to chronic inflammation and ageing. For that reason, endophytes as a source of compounds able to reduce AGEs could represent a possible treatment alternative for some NCDs.
  • 918
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Algal-Based Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactors
The treatment of living organisms is a critical aspect of various environmental and industrial applications, ranging from wastewater treatment to aquaculture. Algal membrane bioreactors (AMBRs) combine membrane separation with biological treatment. The layout of a biological reactor is designed in such a way that it promotes the production of microorganisms that need oxygen and dissolved organic carbon to reproduce. A membrane separates microorganism biomass from wastewater before removing bacteria and suspended particulates.
  • 917
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
MPA_Pathway_Tool: Assignment of Microbial Omics-Data by Metabolic Pathways
MPA_Pathway_Tool. it consists of two parts, called ‘Pathway-Creator’ and ‘Pathway-Calculator’. The ‘Pathway-Creator’ enables an easy set-up of user-defined pathways with specific taxonomic constraints. The ‘Pathway-Calculator’ automatically maps microbial community data from multiple measurements on selected pathways and visualizes the results. The MPA_Pathway_Tool is implemented in Java and ReactJS. 
  • 916
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cell Proteomic Footprinting
Cell proteomic footprinting (CPF) is a proteomic technology that involves the proteolytic cleavage of extracellular fragments of proteins and mass spectrometric measurement of the molecular masses of these fragments, the list of which (mass list) represents a cell footprint – a digital characteristic that is highly specific to cells. The cell footprint is of practical importance for the authentication of cell populations and subpopulations with desired useful properties, which is in demand in the development of cell-based pharmaceuticals, such as cellular cancer vaccines.
  • 915
  • 26 Aug 2024
Topic Review
Immobilized Biocatalysts for the Synthesis of Exopolysaccharides
Biocatalytic synthesis of polysaccharides (PSs) is one of the promising and topical areas of the development of modern biotechnology. The variety of useful properties (the ability for gelation, the formation of viscous solutions, high adhesive ability, etc.) helps the PSs to find still newer applications in a plethora of fields. Biocatalysts determine the possible range of renewable raw materials which can be used as substrates for such synthesis, as well as the biochemistry of the process and the rate of molecular transformations. The functioning of biocatalysts can be optimized using the following main approaches of synthetic biology: the use of recombinant biocatalysts, the creation of artificial consortia, the combination of nano- and microbiocatalysts, and their immobilization. New biocatalysts can help expand the variety of the polysaccharides’ useful properties. 
  • 914
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Myxococcus xanthus
Myxobacteria are Gram-negative δ-proteobacteria found predominantly in terrestrial habitats and often brightly colored due to the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid pigments that protect cells from damage and death by quenching highly reactive and toxic oxidative species, like singlet oxygen, generated upon growth under light. The model myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus  turns from yellow in the dark to red upon exposure to light because of the photoinduction of carotenoid biosynthesis. How light is sensed and transduced to bring about regulated carotenogenesis in order to combat photooxidative stress has been extensively investigated in M. xanthus using genetic, biochemical and high-resolution structural methods. These studies have unearthed new paradigms in bacterial light sensing, signal transduction and gene regulation, and have led to the discovery of prototypical members of widely distributed protein families with novel functions. Major advances have been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the light-dependent signaling and regulation of the transcriptional response leading to carotenogenesis in M. xanthus. 
  • 913
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Developments in Innovative Detection Methods in Complex Samples
New microbiological quality control methods have emerged, some of which have been shown to deliver results in shorter periods than conventional ones, opening the possibility of earlier corrective actions. In particular, removing the culture step provides faster or even real-time results. Moreover, these new innovative techniques can improve the sensitivity, correlated with the limit of detection (LOD), and/or the specificity, i.e., reducing false positive. Other developments include facilitating automation or reducing either the size or the cost of the device.
  • 913
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Multiomics-Integrated Genome-Scale Metabolic Models
Although the multiconstraint approach in GEMs allows researchers to explore cellular metabolic networks, there are still certain difficulties in analyzing complex regulatory mechanisms in cells. Therefore, GEMs integrating the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) and protein structure (PRO) were constructed to comprehensively analyze the regulatory mechanism of the metabolic network in cells and the feedback regulation of metabolic flux at the genome scale to understand the growth and metabolic process of cells in detail.
  • 912
  • 06 Jun 2022
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