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Topic Review
Coxiella burnetii
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects numerous animals, including mammals, birds, and arthropods.
  • 889
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Methylmercury Poisoning
MeHg treatment induces cardiac electrical remodeling in vivo Chronic MeHg prolongs action potential duration and impairs Ca2+ and K+ currents at the cellular level Acute exposure to MeHg modifies human ventricular K+ currents in vitro MeHg induces Early AfterDepolarizations (EADs) and arrhythmia in silico at picomolar concentrations
  • 888
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Therapeutics in Respiratory Pathology
As aerobic organisms, we are continuously and throughout our lifetime subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere and, most often, to environmental threats. The lung is the internal organ most highly exposed to this milieu. Therefore, it has evolved to confront both oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a variety of pollutants, pathogens, and allergens that promote inflammation and can harm the airways to different degrees. Indeed, an excess of ROS, generated intrinsically or from external sources, can imprint direct damage to key structural cell components (nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, and proteins) and indirectly perturb ROS-mediated signaling in lung epithelia, impairing its homeostasis. These early events complemented with efficient recognition of pathogen- or damage-associated recognition patterns by the airway resident cells alert the immune system, which mounts an inflammatory response to remove the hazards, including collateral dead cells and cellular debris, in an attempt to return to homeostatic conditions.
  • 888
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Mismatch Repair Genes in Lynch Syndrome
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer is also known as Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome is associated with pathogenetic variants in one of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes.
  • 887
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Retroviral Latency and Transcription Balance
The representative of the Lentivirus genus is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To date, there is no cure for AIDS because of the existence of the HIV-1 reservoir. HIV-1 infection can persist for decades de-spite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), due to the persistence of infectious latent viruses in long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells, macrophages, monocytes, microglial cells, and other cell types. However, the biology of HIV-1 latency remains incompletely understood. Retroviral long terminal repeat region (LTR) plays an indispensable role in controlling viral gene expression. Reg-ulation of the transcription initiation plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining a retro-virus latency. Whether and how retroviruses establish latency and reactivate remains unclear.
  • 886
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Influenza Vaccines
Influenza viruses are Orthomyxovirus species belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family. While influenza viruses can be classified into four genera (A, B, C and D), only influenza A and B viruses cause clinical disease in humans.
  • 886
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare bone malignant tumour with a poor prognosis in the case of recurrence.
  • 886
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Retinal Diseases
The human retina may be affected by two macro groups of diseases, namely maculopathies and retinopathies. Whereas maculopathies are confined to the central part of the retina, bounded by the vascular arcades, retinopathies may extend up to the extreme retinal periphery. These two categories can be further subdivided according to the main features characterizing the disease, thus taking into consideration exudative or atrophic phenomena.
  • 886
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation mediated by dysregulated immune responses to such factors as diet and microbiota. Fibrosis, which is a healing mechanism, becomes progressive and damaging in the scope of long-lasting IBD, in which persistent tissue damage and healing result in scar tissue formation.
  • 885
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Infection in Children
A descriptive synthesis was performed to evaluate recent insights and the effectiveness of therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Results: Insufficient data are available regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and the clinical risk of spontaneous abortion and premature foetus death. A decrease in the incidence of COVID-19 could be correlated to a minor expression of ACE2 in childrens’ lungs.
  • 882
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating diseases and results in severe motor and sensory dysfunction below the level of injury.
  • 881
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Store-Independent Calcium Entry
Calcium is recognized as a universal intracellular second messenger involved in a plethora of physiological as well as physiopathological processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and chemoresistance in a cancer situation. Store-independent calcium entry is a distinctive calcium entry in cells, which is not activated by calcium store depletion. This entry is supported by basal activated calcium channels, ligand-activated calcium channels, or voltage-gated calcium channels.
  • 881
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Proteomic Analysis of tPVAT during Ang II Infusion
In this study, we provided the most comprehensive proteome profile of mice tPVAT and some novel insights into Ang II-mediated tPVAT dysfunction. We identified some novel proteins, potentially associated with Ang II infusion, such as acyl-CoA carboxylase α , very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSVL), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), perilipin, RAS protein-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RasGRF2), and hypoxia inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1 α ). Importantly, the key pathways were involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, FABP3-PPAR α / γ , RasGRF2-ERK-HIF-1 α , RasGRF2-PKC-HIF-1 α , and STAT3-HIF-1 α axis.
  • 881
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Processes of IBD
The pathophysiological processes of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), i.e., Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are still not completely understood.
  • 878
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Common Toxic Pathways in Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in an age-dependent manner, partly because life expectancy has increased in recent years due to our advanced medical knowledge. The most prevalent of NDDs includes Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), prion diseases (PrD) and others.
  • 877
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Extra-mammary Paget’s Disease
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) was first described by Crocker in 1889 in a man affected from bladder carcinoma and presented with an eczematous lesion involving the penoscrotal region, that was diagnosed as Paget disease in an extramammary site. Subsequently EMPD has been reported involving more frequently the external female genitalia and less commonly, the perianal/perineal region, groin, axilla, umbilicus, eyelids, and also external ear canal. EMPD has been defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as an intraepithelial neoplasm of epithelial origin expressing apocrine or eccrine glandular-like features and characterized by distinctive large cells with prominent cytoplasm, referred to as Paget cells’.
  • 875
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
HCMV Latency
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes both latent (where the virus is maintained in an absence of the production of infectious virions) and lytic (during primary infection and reactivation) phases of infection. The study of latency has been historically more difficult to study than that of lytic infection due to the relative quiescence of the virus in host cells and the limited cell types that support HCMV latency. With the advent of engineered HCMV viruses which express fluorescent tags that enable latently infected cells to be detected and isolated, it has been possible to analyse latently infected cells in much greater detail. In this article, we review studies which have used such systems to analyse and interrogate the latency associated proteome. These have led to the identification of cellular proteins and pathways important for latency and, consequently, potential therapeutic intervention drugs based on a greater understanding of latent infection.
  • 874
  • 21 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Immune-Related miRNAs
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory RNA family that play pivotal roles in physiological and pathological conditions, including immune response. Immune-related miRNAs might on one side trigger the innate and adaptive immune response and regulate the expression of immune cells. On the other side, miRNAs can be diferentially expressed due to activated immune cells. All of this makes them valuable promising diagnostic, prognostic and predicative markers as well as potential therapeutic targets.
  • 874
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
FAK Signaling in Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of children and adolescents. The fusion-positive (FP)-RMS variant expressing chimeric oncoproteins such as PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 is at high risk. The fusion negative subgroup, FN-RMS, has a good prognosis when non-metastatic. Despite a multimodal therapeutic approach, FP-RMS and metastatic FN-RMS often show a dismal prognosis with 5-year survival of less than 30%. Therefore, novel targets need to be discovered to develop therapies that halt tumor progression, reducing long-term side effects in young patients. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates focal contacts at the cellular edges. It plays a role in cell motility, survival, and proliferation in response to integrin and growth factor receptors’ activation. FAK is often dysregulated in cancer, being upregulated and/or overactivated in several adult and pediatric tumor types. In RMS, both in vitro and preclinical studies point to a role of FAK in tumor cell motility/invasion and proliferation, which is inhibited by FAK inhibitors.
  • 874
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into Lewy bodies and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The urge for an early diagnosis biomarker comes from the fact that clinical manifestations of PD are estimated to appear once the substantia nigra has deteriorated and there has been a reduction of the dopamine levels from the striatum. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuro-degenerative diseases as PD. 
  • 872
  • 19 Oct 2022
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