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Topic Review
Plant Defense Mechanisms against Drought Stress
Drought, the most significant environmental stressor, severely limits plant growth and development and significantly reduces crop production. Drought stress responses vary among plants, allowing them to withstand and survive adverse conditions. Plants resist drought by maintaining signaling pathways, such as the abscisic acid pathway, and activating unusual proteins, such as dehydrins.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Plant Microbiomes
While plant microbiomes may include bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and archaea, the majority of the studies published on this topic deal with bacteria (bacteriome), and to a lesser extent, fungi (mycobiome). Consequently, this review is directed toward developing an understanding of the functioning of bacteria within plant microbiomes. Although the microbiome of the phyllosphere impact plant health and, often, food production, only a limited number of studies have been aimed at discovering these particular communities, well adapted to the hostile leaf environment and mainly dominated by Alphaproteobacteria and by the generaMethylobacteriumandSphingomonas.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNA398 in Plant Development and Stress Responses
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses, and a growing number of studies suggest that miRNAs are promising targets for crop improvement because they participate in the regulation of diverse, important agronomic traits. MicroRNA398 (miR398) is a conserved miRNA in plants and has been shown to control multiple stress responses and plant growth in a variety of species.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Root Invasion by Ralstonia solanacearum
The plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of the devastating bacterial wilt disease, is a soil-borne microbe that infects host plants through their roots. The initial mutual recognition between host plants and bacteria and the ensuing invasion of root tissues by R. solanacearum are critical steps in the establishment of the infection, and can determine the outcome of the interaction between plant and pathogen.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Androgenic Plant Families in Breeding
One of the limitations in obtaining the genetic diversity of doubled haploid (DH) lines via anther culture is the development of families of regenerants, and each family represents a clone. This work examines the results of studying this phenomenon in anther culture of alloplasmic (H. vulgare)–T. aestivum and euplasmic lines with 1RS.1BL and 7DL-7Ai translocations and hybrids between them. Parameters of androgenesis such as the number of embryo-like structures, the total number of regenerants, and the number of green regenerants per 100 anthers varied depending on the genotype. In all genotypes from embryo-like structures, predominant development of families of plantlets rather than single plantlets was found. The source of family plantlets was polyembryos. About 75% of families consisted of regenerants at the same fertility level. On average, 37.74%4% of the R0 plants were fertile. The sister DH lines of three hybrid combinations were formed from seeds of R1 plants (2n = 42) with high fertility and in the presence of wheat–alien translocations. After four years of breeding trials, the sister DH lines of three families with fungal disease resistance increased yield, and some parameters of grain quality exceeding the controls were identified as promising for breeding.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Flowering Regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Flowering is one of the most critical developmental transitions in plants’ life. The irreversible change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage is strictly controlled to ensure the progeny’s success. In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven flowering genetic pathways have been described under specific growth conditions. However, the evidence suggests that these pathways are tightly interconnected in a complex multilevel regulatory network. Here we summarized the information of our recent publication.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Plants
Chromium (Cr) is one of the top seven toxic heavy metals, being ranked 21st among the abundantly found metals in the earth’s crust. A huge amount of Cr releases from various industries and Cr mines, which is accumulating in the agricultural land, is significantly reducing crop development, growth, and yield. Chromium mediates phytotoxicity either by direct interaction with different plant parts and metabolic pathways or it generates internal stress by inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the role of Cr-induced ROS in phytotoxicity is very important. In the current study, we reviewed the most recent publications regarding Cr-induced ROS, Cr-induced alteration in the enzymatic antioxidant system, Cr-induced lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, Cr-induced DNA damage and genotoxicity, Cr-induced ultrastructural changes in cell and subcellular level, and Cr-induced alterations in photosynthesis and photosynthetic apparatus. Taken together, we conclude that Cr-induced ROS and the suppression of the enzymatic antioxidant system actually mediate Cr-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic, ultrastructural, and photosynthetic changes in plants
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Salt Stress in Avocado
Avocado (Persea americana) is a crop of rising importance, with high nutritional and economic values. Salt stress is a major limiting factor in avocado.  This entry’s objective was to evaluate the physiological salt response of avocado as a function of the rootstock. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Yam (Dioscorea spp.) in China
Plant nematodes (PPNs) have been documented as economically important pests of yam in different parts of the world with Pratylenchus spp. and Meloidogyne spp. being the most widespread and destructive pests in Asia, causing significant yield losses. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microalgae Cultivated under Magnetic Field Action
Microalgae and cyanobacteria include procaryotic and eucaryotic photosynthetic micro-organisms that produce biomass rich in biomolecules with a high value. Some examples of these biomolecules are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, pigments, antioxidants, and vitamins. Microalgae are also considered a good source of biofuel feedstock. The microalga-based biorefinery approach should be used to promote the sustainability of biomass generation since microalga biomass production can be performed and integrated into a circular bioeconomy structure. To include an environmentally sustainable approach with microalga cultures, it is necessary to develop alternative ways to produce biomass at a low cost, reducing pollution and improving biomass development. Different strategies are being used to achieve more productivity in cultivation, such as magnets in cultures. Magnetic forces can alter microalga metabolism, and this field of study is promising and innovative, remains an unexplored area.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Biography
Junming Sun
Dr. Sun obtained his Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from China Agriculture University, Beijing, China. Currently, Dr. Sun is a Professor at the Institute of Crop Sciences, CAAS. He mainly focuses on seed biochemistry quality analysis and molecular marker assisted selection for soybean breeding on yield, quality, and resistant characters, including protein and oil content, fatty acid
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Plant Immunity
In the plant immune system, according to the ‘gene-for-gene’ model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Trichostatin A
Trichostatin A (TSA) is a representative histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that modulates epigenetic gene expression by regulation of chromatin remodeling in cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Brassinosteroid Signaling Networks
Brassinosteroids, the steroid hormones of plants, control physiological and developmental processes through its signaling pathway. The major brassinosteroid signaling network components, from the receptor to transcription factors, have been identified in the past two decades. The development of biotechnologies has driven the identification of novel brassinosteroid signaling components, even revealing several crosstalks between brassinosteroid and other plant signaling pathways.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Botryosphaeriaceae and Citrus in Europe
Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales) include several species reported as endophytes, latent, and woody plant pathogens on a broad range of host. The most common symptoms observed in association with species of Botryosphaeriaceae are twig, branch and trunk cankers, die-back, collar rot, root cankers, gummosis, decline and, in severe cases, plant death.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Citrus Cell Suspension Culture
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of epicotyl segment has been used in Citrus transgenic studies. The approach suffers, however, from limitations such as occasionally seed unavailability, the low transformation efficiency of juvenile tissues and the high frequency of chimeric plants. Therefore, a suspension cell culture system was established and used to generate transgenic plants in this study to overcome the shortcomings.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Plant miRNAs in Disease Resistance
It has become clear that microRNAs, a class of short single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-translational level, play a crucial role in coordinating plant-pathogen interactions. Specifically, miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phytohormone signals, reactive oxygen species, and NBS-LRR gene expression, thereby modulating the arms race between hosts and pathogens. Adding another level of complexity, it has recently been shown that specific lncRNAs (ceRNAs) can act as decoys that interact with and modulate the activity of miRNAs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Regulatory Role of Circadian Clocks under Water-Deficit Conditions
Plants undergo diurnal oscillations that are generated and maintained by an endogenous system known as the circadian clock. The circadian system is a complex, inter-connected, and reciprocally regulated network. The core oscillator consists of many coupled feedback loops in plants. Circadian rhythms are governed by a molecular clock system that synchronizes plant function with daily light and temperature cycles to maintain homeostasis, and the efficient functioning of plants depends on the proper operation of the circadian clock system. In fact, many plant processes follow a rhythmic sinusoidal pattern over the course of a 24 h period, in perfect sync with the diurnal cycle. These oscillations persist in the absence of environmental stimuli (under continuous light and constant temperature), and can be sustained for several weeks.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Cambium
The vascular cambium is the main lateral meristem responsible for the secondary growth of trees. There are a number of explicit and implicit assumptions behind this statement which allow questions to be raised about the mechanism underlying the radial growth of trees. Based on the hypothesis of the diurnal strains of plant organs, it is anticipated that the process of radial growth can be understood as an adaptation to the cyclically changing mechanical stress in the radial direction generated by the phloem during the 24 h day cycle.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
J-Proteins in the Chloroplast
The J-proteins, also called DNAJ-proteins or heat shock protein 40 (HSP40), are one of the famous molecular chaperones. J-proteins, HSP70s and other chaperones work together as constitute ubiquitous types of molecular chaperone complex, which function in a wide variety of physiological processes. J-proteins are widely distributed in major cellular compartments. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Oct 2022
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