Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Grapevine Crown Gall
Grapevine crown gall (GCG), which is caused by tumorigenic Allorhizobium vitis (=Rhizobium vitis), is the most important bacterial disease in grapevine, and its economic impact on grapevine is very high. When young vines develop GCG, they often die, whereas older vines may show stress and poor growth depending on the severity of GCG, because GCG interferes with the vascular system of the grapevine trunk and prevents nutrient flow, leading to inferior growth and death. Viticultural practices and chemical control designed to inhibit GCG are only partially effective presently; thus, a biocontrol procedure could be a desirable and effective approach for GCG prevention.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Park Green Space in Dense Urban Areas
Around the world, scholars and institutions may differ in their definition of park green space (PGS). In his definition of PGS, Olmsted, the architect of New York’s Central Park, focuses on its green and public attributes and the functions it serves, i.e., the functional public green space apart from the gray areas (mainly artificial structures such as buildings, roads, squares, and facilities). The term “dense urban area” generally refers to a limited urban area with a high floor-area ratio, high population density, high building coverage, highly concentrated high-rise buildings, and low space openness.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
African Antivirulence Plants
Antivirulence is the concept of blocking virulence factors produced by pathogenic organism. In regards to bacteria, the idea is to design agents that block virulence rather than kill bacteria population that generate more selective pressure leading to antibiotic resistance. African plants, through their huge biodiversity, present a considerable reservoir of secondary metabolites with a very broad spectrum of biological activities, a potential source of natural products targeting such non-microbicidal mechanisms. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
The Production of Benzoin
Benzoin is a pathologic exudation produced by plants of the family Styrax. It is secreted by traumatic resin ducts after injury, which are derived from parenchymal cells in secondary xylem by schizolysigeny. Some 63 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this resin, including balsamic acid esters, lignans and terpenoids. It has a long history of applications, including as incense along with olibanum, a flavor enhancer in the food industry, materials in the daily chemistry industry as well as therapeutic uses. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Protein and Compounds from Microalgae
Algal species still show unrevealed and unexplored potentiality for the identification of new compounds. Photosynthetic organisms represent a valuable resource to exploit and sustain the urgent need of sustainable and green technologies. Particularly, unconventional organisms from extreme environments could hide properties to be employed in a wide range of biotechnology applications, due to their peculiar alleles, proteins, and molecules. In this review we report a detailed dissection about the latest and advanced applications of protein derived from algae. Furthermore, the innovative use of modified algae as bio-reactors to generate proteins or bioactive compounds was discussed. The latest progress about pharmaceutical applications, including the possibility to obtain drugs to counteract virus (as SARS-CoV-2) were also examined. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Boron
Boron (B) is a chemical element with atomic number 5. It has two isotopes, 10B and 11B, with a relative abundance of 20% and 80%, respectively, giving an atomic weight of 10.81. Together with Silicon and Germanium, B is considered a metalloid because it has intermediate properties between metals and non-metals. Its requirement for plant growth has been known for one century. Plants take up B mainly in the form of boric acid and its deficiency causes a plethora of symptoms. The biological functions of B are associated with its capacity to form borate cross-links with polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Illicium difengpi (Illiciaceae)
I. difengpi (Illiciaceae) is an endemic and indigenous medicinal species that has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic injury in China; I. difengpi (Illiciaceae) can endure various abiotic stresses, especially extreme drought, and thus has scientific value for exploring adaptive mechanisms of tolerance to extreme drought and in the ecological restoration of karst rocky desertification areas; and the beautiful tree shapes of I. difengpi (Illiciaceae) give it potential ornamental value. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
List of Cranesbill Species
The genus Geranium contains more than 420 plant species, which are also known as cranesbill or hardy geranium (to distinguish them from Pelargonium species).
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Korean Wild Soybeans
Domesticated crops suffer from major genetic bottlenecks while wild relatives retain higher genomic diversity. Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) is the presumed ancestor of cultivated soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), and is an important genetic resource for soybean improvement. Among the East Asian habitats of wild soybean (China, Japan, Korea, and Northeastern Russia), the Korean peninsula is of great importance based on archaeological records, domestication history, and higher diversity of wild soybeans in the region. The collection and conservation of these wild soybean germplasms should be put on high priority. Chung’s Wild Legume Germplasm Collection maintains more than 10,000 legume accessions with an intensive and prioritized wild soybean germplasm collection (>6000 accessions) guided by the international code of conduct for plant germplasm collection and transfer. The center holds a library of unique wild soybean germplasms collected from East Asian wild habitats including the Korean mainland and nearby islands. The collection has revealed interesting and useful morphological, biochemical, and genetic diversity. This resource could be utilized efficiently in ongoing soybean improvement programs across the globe.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Electrospinning of Essential Oils
Essential oils (EOs) have been widely exploited for their biological properties (mainly as antimicrobials) in the food industry. Encapsulation of EOs has opened the way to the utilization of EOs in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Electrospinning (ES) has proved a convenient and versatile method for the encapsulation of EOs into multifunctional nanofibers.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Yam (Dioscorea spp.) in China
Plant nematodes (PPNs) have been documented as economically important pests of yam in different parts of the world with Pratylenchus spp. and Meloidogyne spp. being the most widespread and destructive pests in Asia, causing significant yield losses. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNA398 in Plant Development and Stress Responses
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses, and a growing number of studies suggest that miRNAs are promising targets for crop improvement because they participate in the regulation of diverse, important agronomic traits. MicroRNA398 (miR398) is a conserved miRNA in plants and has been shown to control multiple stress responses and plant growth in a variety of species.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Health Benefit Components in Grain
Cereal grains provide half of the calories consumed by humans. In addition, they contain important compounds beneficial for health. During the last years, a broad spectrum of new cereal grain-derived products for dietary purposes emerged on the global food market. Special breeding programs aimed at cultivars utilizable for these new products have been launched for both the main sources of staple foods (such as rice, wheat, and maize) and other cereal crops (oat, barley, sorghum, millet, etc.). The breeding paradigm has been switched from traditional grain quality indicators (for example, high breadmaking quality and protein content for common wheat or content of protein, lysine, and starch for barley and oat) to more specialized ones (high content of bioactive compounds, vitamins, dietary fibers, and oils, etc.).
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing on Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Plants are subjected to various environmental stresses that negatively impact growth and development and limit crop productivity. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of the growing world population and food security, it is essential to develop cultivars resistant to abiotic stresses. In recent years, with the availability of genetic databases and the advancement in genome editing techniques, it is feasible to edit target genes with precision and create new opportunities for crop improvement that conventional breeding methods could not achieve. The genome-editing method using CRISPR-Cas systems is very powerful and confers exceptional versatility to develop improved cultivars at abiotic stresses. These efficient gene editing techniques facilitate the cultivation of superior-performing genotypes in challenging environmental conditions without compromising yield.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Genome Editing Technologies
Genome editing is the technique of precise genome modifications that facilitate the targeted modifications within the genome through the deletions, insertions, or substitution of single base or specific sequences.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Genome Editing with DSBs
Genome editing requires gRNA, the Cas9 protein, donor template, and repairing mechanism for the editing of the genome, while base editing uses the reprogrammable deaminase intending to introduce the bases at the targeted sites without any cleavage and induction of Double-Stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). In the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism, DSBs are generated that are associated with some complex off-target effects, including p53 activation and translocations.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Duckweeds in Different Civilizations
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae Martinov) are a globally spread family of higher plants with greatly reduced anatomies that float in slow-moving waters, such as found at river or lake edges or in still ponds and pools. Although these small plants are full-fledged monocot angiosperms, they reproduce mainly by vegetative budding at rapid rates, forming floating mats of verdant green in their natural habitat. The family is divided into five genera (Spirodela Schleid., Lemna L., Landoltia Les and Crawford, Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid. and Wolffiella Hegelm.) and has 36 species. The first monograph dedicated to the duckweeds was published in 1839, while biochemical studies of the family initiated around the 1950s. Due to their miniature size, rapid growth rates, and ease of manipulation, interest in duckweeds both as a molecular-genetic research tool and in agrotechnology is now flourishing in the post-genomic era.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plant Microbiomes
While plant microbiomes may include bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and archaea, the majority of the studies published on this topic deal with bacteria (bacteriome), and to a lesser extent, fungi (mycobiome). Consequently, this review is directed toward developing an understanding of the functioning of bacteria within plant microbiomes. Although the microbiome of the phyllosphere impact plant health and, often, food production, only a limited number of studies have been aimed at discovering these particular communities, well adapted to the hostile leaf environment and mainly dominated by Alphaproteobacteria and by the generaMethylobacteriumandSphingomonas.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Study Molecular Mechanisms in Cannabis sativa
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), also known as hemp, is one of the oldest cultivated crops, grown for both its use in textile and cordage production, and its unique chemical properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Root Invasion by Ralstonia solanacearum
The plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of the devastating bacterial wilt disease, is a soil-borne microbe that infects host plants through their roots. The initial mutual recognition between host plants and bacteria and the ensuing invasion of root tissues by R. solanacearum are critical steps in the establishment of the infection, and can determine the outcome of the interaction between plant and pathogen.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 52
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback