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Topic Review
Structure and Functions of Aβ and Tau Proteins
The amyloid hypothesis, i.e., the abnormal accumulation of toxic Aβ assemblies in the brain, has been considered the mainstream concept sustaining research in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, the course of cognitive decline and AD development better correlates with tau accumulation rather than amyloid peptide deposition. Moreover, all clinical trials of amyloid-targeting drug candidates have been unsuccessful, implicitly suggesting that the amyloid hypothesis needs significant amendments. Accumulating evidence supports the existence of a series of potentially dangerous relationships between Aβ oligomeric species and tau protein in AD.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
C,C- and C,N-Chelated Organocopper Compounds
Copper-catalyzed and organocopper-involved reactions are of great significance in organic synthesis. To have a deep understanding of the reaction mechanisms, the structural characterizations of organocopper intermediates become indispensable. Meanwhile, the structure-function relationship of organocopper compounds could advance the rational design and development of new Cu-based reactions and organocopper reagents. Compared to the mono-carbonic ligand, the C,N- and C,C-bidentate ligands better stabilize unstable organocopper compounds. Bidentate ligands can chelate to the same copper atom via η2-mode, forming a mono-cupra-cyclic compounds with at least one acute C-Cu-C angle. When the bidentate ligands bind to two copper atoms via η1-mode at each coordinating site, the bimetallic macrocyclic compounds will form nearly linear C-Cu-C angles. The anionic coordinating sites of the bidentate ligand can also bridge two metals via μ2-mode, forming organocopper aggregates with Cu-Cu interactions and organocuprates with contact ion pair structures. The reaction chemistry of some selected organocopper compounds is highlighted, showing their unique structure–reactivity relationships.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Crystalline Peroxosolvates
Peroxosolvates - adducts of hydrogen peroxide and molecules or salts formed by hydrogen bonding.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Luminescent Ln-Ionic Liquids beyond Europium
What is called an ionic liquid (IL) has a very broad definition, comprising multiple substances possessing a wide diversity of structures and properties. An IL consists of both organic and inorganic ions, and may contain more than one cation or anion. Normally, a substance is considered to be an IL if completely composed of ions, with a melting point below 100 °C. Ionic liquids containing lanthanides or lanthanide compounds in ionic liquids are very important in the field of soft luminescent materials. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Nuclear Waste Disposal
Nuclear waste (like radioactive waste) is waste that contains, or is contaminated with, radionuclides, at activity concentrations greater than clearance levels set by the regulators, beyond which no further use is foreseen. Disposal is the emplacement of waste in an appropriate facility without the intention to retrieve it.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Materials Design for N2O/CO2 Capture and Separation
The adsorption of greenhouse gases (GHG) as a method to reduce their emissions into the atmosphere is an alternative that is easier to implement industrially and cheaper than other existing technologies, such as chemical capture, cryogenic separation, or membrane separation. The vast majority of works found in the literature have focused their efforts on capturing CO2 as it is the largest GHG.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cluster-Based Coordination Polymers
Cluster-based coordination polymers (CCPs) are constructed from metal coordination clusters that are bridged by polytopic organic ligands forming multidimensional systems such as one-dimensional (1D) chains, two-dimensional (2D) layers, and three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic frameworks. Structurally well-defined polynuclear Mn(II,III)/Fe(III)-oxo pivalate and isobutyrate clusters recommend them-selves as extremely versatille building blocks where their ancillary coordination ligands are sufficiently flexible to allow the formation of a wide variety of 1D, 2D and 3D CCPs.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Uranium Sulfate
Uranium sulfate (U(SO4)2) is a water-soluble salt of uranium. It is a very toxic compound. Uranium sulfate minerals commonly are widespread around uranium bearing mine sites, where they usually form during the evaporation of acid sulfate-rich mine tailings which have been leached by oxygen-bearing waters. Uranium sulfate is a transitional compound in the production of Uranium hexafluoride. It was also used to fuel aqueous Homogeneous Reactors.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Zn(II) AIEgens: “Clip Approach”
 Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) compounds display a photophysical phenomenon inwhich the aggregate state exhibits stronger emission than the isolated units. The common term of“AIEgens” was coined to describe compounds undergoing the AIE effect. Due to the recent interestin AIEgens, the search for novel hybrid organic–inorganic compounds with unique luminescenceproperties in the aggregate phase is a relevant goal. In this perspective, the abundant, inexpensive,and nontoxic d10 zinc cation offers unique opportunities for building AIE active fluorophores, sensingprobes, and bioimaging tools. Considering the novelty of the topic, relevant examples collected inthe last 5 years (2016–2021) through scientific production can be considered fully representative ofthe state-of-the-art. Starting from the simple phenomenological approach and considering differenttypological and chemical units and structures, we focused on zinc-based AIEgens offering syntheticnovelty, research completeness, and relevant applications. A special section was devoted to Zn(II)-based AIEgens for living cell imaging as the novel technological frontier in biology and medicine.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Fluorescent Chemosensors Based on Polyamine Ligands
Polyamine ligands are water-soluble receptors that are able to coordinate, depending on their protonation degree, either metal ions, anionic, or neutral species. Furthermore, the presence of fluorescent signaling units allows an immediate visual response/signal. For these reasons, they can find applications in a wide variety of fields, mainly those where aqueous media is necessary, such as biological studies, wastewater analysis, soil contamination, etc.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Fluorescence Imaging for Biomedical Applications
Molecular imaging offers the possibility to investigate biological and biochemical processes non-invasively and to obtain information on both anatomy and dysfunctions. Based on the data obtained, a fundamental understanding of various disease processes can be derived and treatment strategies can be planned. In this context, methods that combine several modalities in one probe are increasingly being used. Due to the comparably high sensitivity and provided complementary information, the combination of nuclear and optical probes has taken on a special significance.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Platinum Based Cytostatic Drugs
Platinum based cytostatic drugs (Pt CDs) are among the most used drugs in cancer treatments which are administered via intravenous infusion and released partially intact or as transformation products. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
All-d-Metal Heusler Alloys
A promising strategy, resulting in novel compounds with better mechanical properties and substantial magnetocaloric effects, is favoring the d–d hybridization with transition-metal elements to replace p–d hybridization. The term given to these materials is “all-d-metal”. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Zeolite Synthesis and the Crystallization Process
Zeolites, as a class of crystalline minerals, find a wide range of applications in various fields, such as catalysis, separation, and adsorption. These materials have also been developed for advanced applications, such as gas storage, medical applications, magnetic adsorption, and zeolitic-polymeric membranes. To effectively design zeolites for such intriguing applications, it is crucial to intelligently adjust their crystal size, morphology, and defect population in relation to crystal perfection. Optimizing these fundamental parameters necessitates a deep understanding of zeolite formation mechanisms, encompassing the thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation steps as well as crystallite growth. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Asymmetric Recognition by Chiral Porphyrinoids
Over the years, chiral discrimination of chiral molecules such as amino acids, alcohols, amines, hydroxy-carboxylic acids, etc. has aroused the interest of the scientific community. Thus, numerous studies have reported the possibility to discriminate several organic guests by using both symmetric and asymmetric porphyrin derivatives. Nevertheless, this entry exclusively focuses on chiral porphyrinoids as probes for asymmetric recognition and sensing, illustrating the main aspects concerning the chiral recognition phenomena of a multitude of chiral organic guests through several chiral mono- and bis-porphyrins via different spectroscopic techniques.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Brief History of Oxygen
Oxygen, a paramagnetic, diradical gaseous (at room temperature) molecule, is instrumental to life as we know it. It is also crucial to some medical therapies, used in multiple industries and has even been found on other planets. The importance of oxygen cannot be overplayed.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metals in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases
Metal ions are fundamental to guarantee the regular physiological activity of the human organism. They are involved in several biological processes such as electron transfer, oxygen transport, the maintenance of osmotic pressure, and the regulation of DNA transcription. Metals such as iron, cobalt, selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese are essential for human life and are usually required in trace amounts. On the other hand, aluminum, mercury, arsenic, and others are considered non-essential metals since they possess no biological function. The importance of metals in the human organism is so fundamental that several pathologies, among which are neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), are related to a common phenomenon known as metal dyshomeostasis.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ytterbium Fluoride in Dental Materials
The compound ytterbium trifluoride is used as a component of several dental materials. Ytterbium trifluoride is reported to be insoluble in water. Despite this, its presence is associated with fluoride release from dental materials. There is evidence that it reacts with the components of calcium trisilicate cements to form small amounts of a variety of compounds, including ytterbium oxide, Yb2O3, and calcium–ytterbium fluoride, CaYbF5. In nanoparticulate form, it has been shown to reinforce glass polyalkenoates and it also provides high contrast in X-ray images.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Degradation of Rubber and Plastics by Oxidative Metalloenzymes
Biomass wastes are produced daily by different sources, such as residues from forestry, agriculture, and food industry or animal, food, and municipal solid wastes. Bioconversion of this non-edible biomass using microorganisms emerged as a promising green strategy to valorize the non-starch polymers that not only plants but crustaceans as well use to support and protect themselves.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Journal Inorganics
Inorganics (ISSN 2304-6740; CODEN: INORCW) is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal of inorganic chemistry published monthly online by MDPI.  It has been indexed in Chemical Abstracts, Scopus, and Web of Science.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Sep 2021
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