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Topic Review
Myzus persicae Sulzer
The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), a major and harmful chili aphid usually managed using chemical pesticides, is responsible for massive annual agricultural losses. The efficacy of two protein elicitors, PeaT1 and PeBC1, to stimulate a defensive response against M. persicae in chili was studied in this study.
  • 643
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Benefits of Insect Pollination in Brassicaceae
Cultivated Brassicaceae attract a wide variety of pollinators. In both self-compatible and self-incompatible crop species, meta-analysis indicates that seed yield (Y), silique set (SQS), number of siliquae/plant (NSQ), and the number of seeds/silique (NSSQ) increase when plants are insect-pollinated compared to when there is no insect pollination. The weight of seeds (WS), however, increased in self-incompatible species but not in self-compatible ones as a result of insect pollination. Overall, the percentage of studies showing a positive effect of insect pollination on yield parameters was higher in self-incompatible than in self-compatible species. It was shown that the ability of self-compatible species to reproduce does not fully compensate for the loss of yield benefits in the absence of insect pollination. 
  • 633
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hyalomma Ticks and Human and Animal Health
Ticks are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites that act as vectors for many important human and livestock pathogens worldwide. Like spiders and scorpions, they belong to the class Arachnida. Within the order Ixodida, most species of ticks belong to one of the two main large families, Argasidae or Ixodidae. The latter are known as “hard” ticks since they have a sclerotized dorsal plaque or scutum. In contrast, those belonging to the family Argasidae lack this physical feature and are therefore known as “soft ticks”. Tick-borne infectious diseases spread following the bite of infected ticks, which can carry and be infected by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Some of the most important bacteria-infecting ticks include species of the genera Rickettsia, Borrelia, Francisella, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia, as well as viruses such as the Crimea–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, the West Nile virus, and the tick-borne encephalitis virus, among others.
  • 620
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Integrated Pest Management Program for Coffee Berry Borer
Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most serious insect pest of coffee worldwide, causing significant reductions in yield and quality.  The integrated pest management of CBB in Hawaii and Puerto Rico are addressed, the only two USA locations that produce commercial specialty coffee. 
  • 614
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Applications of BNF and NWR Strategies in Insects
Nitrogen is usually a restrictive nutrient that affects the growth and development of insects, especially of those living in low nitrogen nutrient niches. In response to the low nitrogen stress, insects have gradually developed symbiont-based stress response strategies—biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogenous waste recycling—to optimize dietary nitrogen intake. Based on the above two patterns, atmospheric nitrogen or nitrogenous waste (e.g., uric acid, urea) is converted into ammonia, which in turn is incorporated into the organism via the glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase pathways.
  • 608
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bee Innate Immunity
As important pollinators, bees play a critical role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem and improving the yield and quality of crops. However, in recent years, the bee population has significantly declined due to various pathogens and environmental stressors including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and increased pesticide application. The above threats trigger or suppress the innate immunity of bees, their only immune defense system, which is essential to maintaining individual health and that of the colony. In addition, bees can be divided into solitary and eusocial bees based on their life traits, and eusocial bees possess special social immunities, such as grooming behavior, which cooperate with innate immunity to maintain the health of the colony.
  • 593
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Avian Malaria Vectors in Host-Seeking Behaviour
Vector-borne infectious diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever) result from a parasite transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods. They are major contributors to the global disease burden, as they account for nearly a fifth of all infectious diseases worldwide. The interaction between vectors and their hosts plays a key role driving vector-borne disease transmission.
  • 577
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Major Threats to Saproxylic Beetles
Saproxylic beetles are common in all types of forests, but they are more abundant in natural forests. They are mostly recognized as beneficial insects, as they are involved in decomposition and the recycling of nutrients. On the other hand, traditional forestry practices consider them as pests, as they reduce the value of timber.
  • 560
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Reference Genes for Transcriptional Profiling in Cockroaches
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, and the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana are the most common and synanthropic household pests of interest to public health. While they have increasingly served as model systems in hemimetabolous insects for studying many biological issues, there is still a lack of stable reference gene evaluation for reliable quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) outputs and functional genomics.
  • 558
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Human Consumption of Insects in Sub-Saharan Africa
There are 472 edible insect species in sub-Saharan Africa, of which 31% are Lepidoptera. Wild harvesting is still the main source of supply for these prized species to this day, with some harvesting techniques negatively impacting the environment. The successful production of edible caterpillars requires the appropriate and efficient implementation of husbandry techniques and practices.
  • 551
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Management of Spodoptera frugiperda
The fall armyworm of maize, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) is capable of causing a 100% yield loss due to its unforeseen occurrence from the seedling to the cob formation stage. To manage this serious pest, maize growers are tending to apply a high dosage of pesticides. This indiscriminate usage of pesticides has resulted in an unacceptable amount of insect resurgence in maize, harming maize production and consumption.
  • 549
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Optic Flow and Goal-Directed Displacements in Insects
Optic flow was first introduced by Gibson as part of their ecological approach to perception and action. While this theoretical approach (as a whole) has been demonstrated to be particularly suitable for the study of goal-directed displacements in humans, its usefulness in carrying out entomological field studies remains to be established.
  • 546
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Species and  Distribution of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Hainan
Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne tropical disease impacting populations in tropical regions across the world. Malaria was previously hyperendemic in Hainan Province. Due to large-scale anti-malarial intervention, malaria elimination in the province was achieved in 2019. Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus are primary malaria vectors, mainly distributed in the southern and central areas of Hainan.
  • 515
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cell Line Support Arthropod Immunity
Many insect and tick species are serious pests, because insects damage crop plants and, along with ticks, transmit a wide range of human and animal diseases. One way of controlling these pests is by impairing their immune system, which protects them from bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. An important tool for studying immunity is using long-lasting cell cultures, known as cell lines. Cell line research is a powerful method for understanding how invertebrates mount defenses against pathogenic organisms and testing hypotheses on how these responses occur. In particular, immortal arthropod cell lines are valuable tools, providing a tractable, high-throughput, cost-effective, and consistent platform to investigate the mechanisms underpinning insect and tick immune responses. Here we review how cell line research results inform the controls of medically and agriculturally important insects and ticks.
  • 512
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Invasive Aedes albopictus in the Americas
Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse is a mosquito native to Southeast Asia. Currently, it has a wide distribution in America, where natural infection with arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance has been reported. In the Americas, Ae. albopictus occupies the same ecological niches as Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti. It is difficult to incriminate the Asian mosquito as the cause of autochthonous arbovirus outbreaks. However, evidence suggests that Ae. albopictus is very effective in transmitting endemic arboviruses (such as dengue) in both horizontal and vertical transmission. Aedes albopictus could be useful as a sentinel species to monitor dengue virus in interepidemic periods.
  • 507
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Potential Applications of Silkworm Pupae
The nutritional composition of silkworms will likely have multiple implications for humans, animals, and the environment. The silkworm pupae attracted interest due to lipids and protein profiles. Furthermore, the valuable level of the essential fatty acids (alpha-linolenic and linoleic from the n-3 and n-6 family) results in significant physiological functions in the human body that support good health.
  • 507
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Stress-Related Hormones in Drosophila melanogaster
The response of living beings to adverse conditions, known as the stress reaction, is a complex mechanism including various signaling pathways and hormones. Some are evolutionarily conserved, such as the insulin signaling pathway, others, such as 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic or juvenile hormones, are taxon-specific in insects. Key components of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects are biogenic amines (dopamine and octopamine), juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic hormone and insulin-like peptides. 
  • 467
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Venom Components of Imported Fire Ant Venom
In the United States, imported fire ants are often referred to as red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, black imported fire ants, S. richteri Forel, and their hybrid (S. invicta × S. richteri). Due to their aggressive stings and toxic venom, imported fire ants pose a significant threat to public health, agriculture, and ecosystem health.
  • 466
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Phylosymbiotic Relationship between Insects and Symbionts
Insects harbor diverse assemblages of bacterial and fungal symbionts, which play crucial roles in host life history. Insects and their various symbionts represent a good model for studying host–microbe interactions. Phylosymbiosis is used to describe an eco-evolutionary pattern, providing a new cross-system trend in the research of host-associated microbiota. The phylosymbiosis pattern is characterized by a significant positive correlation between the host phylogeny and microbial community dissimilarities.
  • 449
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
RNAi for Western Corn Rootworm Management
The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is an annual pest of maize in the United States Corn Belt. Larval feeding on the root system can promote significant yield loss through reduced water and nutrient uptake and decreased plant stability. Various management tactics, including crop rotation, insecticides, and transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner proteins, have been used to manage WCR densities. However, resistance has evolved to each of these tactics in local areas, highlighting the need for new management strategies. The use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for WCR management represents the next phase of species-specific pest management. 
  • 448
  • 14 Jan 2022
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