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Many insect and tick species are serious pests, because insects damage crop plants and, along with ticks, transmit a wide range of human and animal diseases. One way of controlling these pests is by impairing their immune system, which protects them from bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. An important tool for studying immunity is using long-lasting cell cultures, known as cell lines. Cell line research is a powerful method for understanding how invertebrates mount defenses against pathogenic organisms and testing hypotheses on how these responses occur. In particular, immortal arthropod cell lines are valuable tools, providing a tractable, high-throughput, cost-effective, and consistent platform to investigate the mechanisms underpinning insect and tick immune responses. Here we review how cell line research results inform the controls of medically and agriculturally important insects and ticks.
Order | Species of Origin | Stage/Tissue of Origin | Cell Line Designation | Research Focus | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coleoptera | Anthonomus grandis | Embryo | BRL-AG-1 | Humoral Responses | [4] |
A. grandis | Embryo | BRL-AG-3A | Humoral Responses | [4] | |
A. grandis | Embryo | BRL-AG-3C | Humoral Responses | [4] | |
Tribolium castaneum | Pupa/Adult | BCIRL-TcA-CLG1 | Signaling Pathways | [5] | |
Diptera | Aedes aegypti | Neonate larva | Aag-2 | Signaling Pathways, Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses | [4][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] |
Ae. aegypti | Neonate larva | AF5 and subline AF319 | Signaling Pathways | [10][12] | |
Ae. aegypti | Neonate larva | ATC-10 (CCL-125) | Signaling Pathways, Humoral Responses | [9][12][16][17] | |
Aedes albopictus | Neonate larva | C6/36 | PAMPs, Signaling Pathways, Humoral Responses |
[2][9][11][12][13][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] | |
Ae. albopictus | Neonate larva | C6/36 HT | Signaling Pathways | [6] | |
Ae. albopictus | Neonate larva | C7-10 | Signaling Pathways, Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses | [4][9][12][25][26][27] | |
Ae. albopictus | Neonate larva | U4.4 | Signaling Pathways | [9][11][12][28] | |
Anophelesgambiae | Neonate larva | 4a-2 | Humoral Responses | [4] | |
A. gambiae | Neonate larva | 4a-3A | Humoral Responses | [4][29] | |
A. gambiae | Neonate larva | 4a-3B | Humoral Responses | [4] | |
A. gambiae | Neonate larva | Sua1B | Signaling Pathways, Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses | [4][29][30] | |
A. gambiae | Neonate larva | Sua5.1* | Opsonins, Signaling Pathways |
[31] | |
Anopheles stephensi | 1st Instar larva | 4a-3A | Signaling Pathways | [29] | |
A. stephensi | 1st Instar larva | 4a-3B | Signaling Pathways | [32] | |
A. stephensi | 1st Instar larva | LSTM-AS-43 (MSQ43) | Signaling Pathways, Humoral Responses | [29] | |
Culex quinquefasciatus | Ovary (adult) | Hsu | Signaling Pathways | [23] | |
Culex tarsalis | Embryo | CT | Signaling Pathways | [23] | |
Lutzomyia longipalpis | Embryo | LL5 | Signaling Pathways | [33][34] | |
Sarcophaga peregrina | Embryo | NIH-Sape-4 | Humoral Responses | [4][35] | |
Hemiptera | Anasa tristis | Embryo | BCIRL-AtE-CLG15A | Signaling Pathways | [5] |
Lepidoptera | Opodiphthera (Antheraea) eucalypti | Pupal ovaries | Ae | Cellular Responses | [36] |
Bombyx mori | Ovary (larval) | Bm5 | Signaling Pathways | [22][37][38] | |
B. mori | Ovary | BmN | Signaling Pathways | [39] | |
B. mori | Ovary | BmN4 | Signaling Pathways | [22] | |
B. mori | Ovary (larval) | BmN-SWU1 | Signaling Pathways | [40] | |
B. mori | Ovary | NISES-BoMo-Cam1 | PAMPs, Signaling Pathways |
[1] | |
Choristoneurafumiferana | Midgut (larval) | IPRI-CF-1 | Signaling Pathways | [41] | |
C. fumiferana | Midgut | FPMI-CF-203 | Signaling Pathways | [22] | |
Chrysodeixis (Pseudoplusia) includens | Embryo | UGA-CiE1 | Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses | [42] | |
Estigmene acraea | Hemocyte (larval) | BTI-EA-1174-A | Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses | [4][43] | |
Helicoverpa zea | Ovary (pupal) | BCIRL-HzAM1 | Signaling Pathways, Humoral Responses | [44][45][46][47] | |
H. zea | Midgut (larval) | RP-HzGUT-AW1 | Signaling Pathways | [22] | |
Helithis virescens | Ovary (pupal) | BCIRL-HvAM1 | Signaling Pathways | [5] | |
Lymantria dispar | Ovary (pupal) | IPLB-Ld-652Y | Cellular Responses | [48] | |
Malacosoma disstria | Hemocyte (larval) | IPRI-Md-66 | Signaling Pathways, Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses | [49] | |
M. disstria | Hemocyte (larval) | IPRI-Md-108 | Signaling Pathways, Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses | [49] | |
Manduca sexta | Embryo | MRRL-CHE-20 | Signaling Pathways | [41] | |
Perina nuda | Ovary (pupal) | NTU-Pn-HH | Cellular Responses | [48] | |
Plodia interpunctella | Unspecified | KSU-P15.3 | Signaling Pathways | [41] | |
Spodoptera exigua | Embryo/neonate larva | Se301 | Cellular Responses | [36] | |
S. exigua | Hemocyte (larval) | SeHe920-1a | Cellular Responses | [36] | |
S. exigua | Neonate larva | UCR-Se-1 | Cellular Responses | [48] | |
Spodoptera frugiperda | Ovary (pupal) | IPLB-Sf-5-5C | Cellular Responses | [48] | |
S. frugiperda | Ovary (pupal) | Sf21 | Signaling Pathways | [22] | |
S. frugiperda | Ovary (pupal) | Sf9 | Signaling Pathways, Humoral Responses | [50][51][52][53][54] | |
S. frugiperda | Ovary (pupal) | Sf9-SF (serum-free) | Signaling Pathways | [22] | |
Spodoptera littoralis | Ovary | Sl2 | Signaling Pathways | [22] | |
Spodoptera litura | Ovary (pupal) | IBL-Sl-1A | Cellular Responses | [48] | |
Trichoplusia ni | Embryo | High Five (BTI-TN-5B1-4) | Signaling Pathways, Cellular Responses | [22][36][38][54][55] | |
T. ni | Embryo | High Five-SF (serum-free) | Signaling Pathways, Humoral Responses | [22] |
Order | Species of Origin | Stage/Tissue of Origin | Cell Line Designation | Research Focus | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parasitiformes | Amblyomma americanum | Embryo | AAE2 | Cellular Responses | [56] |
Amblyomma variegatum | Molting larva | AVL/CTVM17 | Cellular Responses | [57] | |
Dermacentor andersoni | Embryo | DAE15 | Cellular Responses | [58][59] | |
D. andersoni | Embryo | DAE100 | Humoral Responses | [59] | |
Hyalomma anatolicum | Embryo | HAE/CTVM8 | Cellular Responses | [57] | |
Ixodes ricinus | Embryo | IRE/CTVM19 | Cellular Responses | [57][60][61] | |
Ixodes scapularis | Embryo | IDE8 | Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses |
[57][61] | |
I. scapularis | Embryo | IDE12 | Cellular Responses | [56][58] | |
I. scapularis | Embryo | ISE6 | PAMPs, Signaling Pathways, Cellular Responses |
[3][57][58][62] | |
Ixodes ricinus | Embryo | IRE/CTVM19 | Humoral Responses | [60][61] | |
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus |
Molting nymph | RA243 | Cellular Responses | [57] | |
R. appendiculatus | Embryo | RAE/CTVM1 | Cellular Responses | [57] | |
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus | Embryo | BME/CTVM2 | Cellular Responses | [57] | |
R. microplus | Embryo | BME26 | Cellular Responses, Humoral Responses |
[63] |