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Topic Review
Regenerative Medicine Targeted for Intervertebral Disc Disease
Low back pain is critical health, social, and economic issue in modern societies. This disease is often associated with intervertebral disc degeneration; however, contemporary treatments are unable to target this underlying pathology to alleviate the pain symptoms. Cell therapy offers a promising novel therapeutic that, in theory, should be able to reduce low back pain through mitigating the degenerative disc environment. 
  • 879
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Management of Proximal Humerus Fractures in Adults
Proximal humerus fractures are the third most common fracture type in adults, with their incidence increasing over time. There are varied approaches to both the classification and treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Optimal treatments for this fracture type are still widely open to debate.
  • 878
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Primary Chondroprogenitors: Standardized & Versatile Allogeneic Cytotherapeutics
Primary chondroprogenitors obtained from standardized cell sources (e.g., FE002 clinical grade cell sources) may be cultured in vitro and may be cytotherapeutically applied in allogeneic musculoskeletal regenerative medicine. Multicentric translational research on FE002 human primary chondroprogenitors under the Swiss progenitor cell transplantation program has notably validated their robustness and high versatility for therapeutic formulation in clinically compatible prototypes, as well as a good safety profile in diverse in vivo preclinical models. Therein, stringently controlled primary cell source establishment and extensive cell manufacturing optimization have technically confirmed the adequation of FE002 primary chondroprogenitors with standard industrial biotechnology workflows for consistent diploid cell biobanking under GMP. Laboratory characterization studies and extensive qualification work on FE002 progenitor cell sources have elucidated the key and critical attributes of the cellular materials of interest for potential and diversified human cytotherapeutic uses. Multiple formulation studies (i.e., hydrogel-based standardized transplants, polymeric-scaffold-based tissue engineering products) have shown the high versatility of FE002 primary chondroprogenitors, for the obtention of functional allogeneic cytotherapeutics. Multiple in vivo preclinical studies (e.g., rodent models, GLP goat model) have robustly documented the safety of FE002 primary chondroprogenitors following implantation. Clinically, FE002 primary chondroprogenitors may potentially be used in various forms for volumetric tissue replacement (e.g., treatment of large chondral/osteochondral defects of the knee) or for the local management of chondral affections and pathologies (i.e., injection use in mild to moderate osteoarthritis cases). Overall, standardized FE002 primary chondroprogenitors as investigated under the Swiss progenitor cell transplantation program were shown to constitute tangible contenders in novel human musculoskeletal regenerative medicine approaches, for versatile and safe allogeneic clinical cytotherapeutic management. 
  • 869
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and debilitating age-related joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, synovial membrane inflammation, osteophyte formation, as well as subchondral bone sclerosis. OA drugs at present are mainly palliative and do not halt or reverse disease progression. Currently, no disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) are available and total joint arthroplasty remains a last resort. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a diameter ranging between 30 and 150 nm, and a density of 1.13–1.19 g/mL. These extracellular membrane-bound vesicles are able to work as cell-specific cargoes, which contain complex signaling molecules such as lipids, proteins, metabolites, nucleic acids, and cytosolic and cell-surface proteins.
  • 857
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Skeletal Imaging Features in Osteopetrosis
Osteopetrosis (from the Greek “osteo”: bone; “petrosis”: stone) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare diseases of the skeleton, sharing the same main characteristic of an abnormally increased bone density. Dense bones in radiological studies are considered the hallmark of these diseases, and the reason for the common term used: “Marble bone disease”.
  • 857
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Tendinopathies
Tendinopathy is an umbrella term used to identify a complex clinical condition characterized by molecular, cellular, and histological changes occurring in affected tendons that leads to persistent pain, swelling, and impaired physical performance. Several pathogenic mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of this condition. High load demands and repetitive mechanical exposure during exercise act as primum movens of tendinopathy.
  • 852
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cytokines and Chemokines in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a common cause of disability worldwide. Although commonly referred to as a disease of the joint cartilage, osteoarthritis affects all joint tissues equally. The pathogenesis of this degenerative process is not completely understood; however, a low-grade inflammation leading to an imbalance between anabolic and katabolic processes is a well-established factor. The complex network of cytokines regulating these processes and cell communication has a central role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Concentrations of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were found to be altered depending on the osteoarthritis stage and activity.
  • 846
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Complications of Dual Modular Stems
Titanium (Ti) alloys have been proven to be one of the most suitable materials for orthopaedic implants. Dual modular stems have been introduced to primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) to enable better control of the femoral offset, leg length, and hip stability. However, this recent innovation in the femoral stem design has proven itself to be an innovation trap actually. 
  • 820
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Paradoxical Duel Role of Collagen in Rheumatoid Arthritis
In biology, collagen-biomaterial regulates several signaling mechanisms of bone and immune cells involved in tissue repair and any imbalance in collagen turnover may affect the homeostasis of cells, becoming a major cause of several complications. The administration of oral collagen may play a potential role in returning cells to their normal function. For several decades, the beneficial effects of collagen have been explored widely, and thus many commercial products are available in cosmetics, food, and biomedical fields. For instance, collagen-based-products have been widely used to treat the complications of cartilage-related-disorders. Many researchers are reporting the anti-arthritogenic properties of collagen-based materials. In contrast, collagen, especially type-II collagen (CII), has been widely used to induce arthritis by immunization in an animal-model with or without adjuvants, and the potentially immunogenic-properties of collagen have been continuously reported for a long time. Additionally, the immune tolerance of collagen is mainly regulated by the T-lymphocytes and B-cells. This controversial hypothesis is getting more and more evidence nowadays from both sides to support its mechanism. 
  • 813
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning for Orthopedic Disease
A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a deep learning algorithm architecture created based on a 1962 study investigating the visual process of feline brains, and it has been applied in a wide range of areas, from autonomous vehicles to medical diagnoses. Since 2017, many studies applying deep learning-based diagnostics in the field of orthopedics have demonstrated outstanding performance.
  • 804
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ultrafast Laser in Orthopedic Surgery
The potential of ultrafast lasers (pico- to femtosecond) in orthopedics-related procedures has been studied extensively for clinical adoption. As compared to conventional laser systems with continuous wave or longer wave pulse, ultrafast lasers provide advantages such as higher precision and minimal collateral thermal damages. Translation to surgical applications in the clinic has been restrained by limitations of material removal rate and pulse average power, whereas the use in surface texturing of implants has become more refined to greatly improve bioactivation and osteointegration within bone matrices.
  • 791
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Therapy of the Rheumatic Knee
In rheumatoid arthritis, the joints of the lower extremities are almost always affected. This is most conspicuous in the knee joint. In rheumatics, inflammatory osteoarthritis manifests itself comparably earlier than in patients with osteoarthritis. The focus of attention was primarily on the synovia with its destruction process and secondary changes. Now, driven by experimental research, dendritic cells and fibroblasts and molecular features are moving into the clinician’s field of vision. Even in joints that appear to be in remission with no swelling or pain, the activity of these cells leads to changes in the capsule-ligaments. The complex deformities and instabilities caused by this, in conjunction with atrophy of the inter-articular musculature, have an impact on the activities of daily life (ADL). If these biomechanical aspects of the knee joint are not taken into account early on in therapy, the frequency of primary and secondary surgical treatment increases. The timely recognition of biomechanical pathologies and consistent treatment can contribute to improving the patient situation in addition to adequate medication therapy. 
  • 780
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Bone Research
Identifying the changes in endogenous metabolites in response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors has excellent potential to obtain an understanding of cells, biofluids, tissues, or organisms’ functions and interactions with the environment. The advantages provided by the metabolomics strategy have promoted studies in bone research fields, including an understanding of bone cell behaviors, diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, and the development of treatment methods such as implanted biomaterials.
  • 778
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Skeletal Effects of Naringenin
Various natural compounds can positively influence the skeletal remodelling process, of which naringenin is a candidate. Naringenin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound found in citrus fruits and grapefruit. 
  • 776
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle and Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis, a metabolic skeletal disorder that results from the imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption, generally occurs in postmenopausal women and older people. The process of bone remodeling is participated by mainly osteoclasts and osteoblasts, together with other cells including osteocytes, bone lining cells, monocytes, chondrocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
  • 765
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
3D-Assisted Acetabular Fracture Surgery
The techniques currently used in 3D-assisted acetabular fracture surgery are 3D printing and visual surgical planning, 3D printing and pre-contouring of implants, and custom-made patient-specific implants. Three-dimensional-assisted surgery compared to conventional surgery reduces operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluoroscopy usage, and complication rate. Evidence for the improvement of postoperative fracture reduction and physical functioning is limited, because of heterogeneity and varying qualities of the studies.
  • 759
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Wound Healing
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC Exos) may favorably impact intercellular signaling and immunomodulation, promoting neoangiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and neoepithelization. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can build up a pro-healing environment by activating intercellular signaling, angiogenesis, proliferation, and the regional differentiation of the various cell types in tissue regeneration. In addition, the development of 3D printing technologies can help to fabricate size-specific functional scaffolds to be used in the treatment of chronic non-healing wounds. Continued advances in controlled drug delivery using MSC EVs should allow for the development of new highly effective loco-regional antibiotic delivery strategies.
  • 758
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Kummell’s Disease
KD is an eponym for a delayed post-traumatic bone osteonecrosis. Patients usually present with advanced stage kyphosis in the thoracolumbar (T-L) area within months to years after experiencing a minor trauma, initially presenting without any symptoms. Possible causes include avascular osteonecrosis, microfracture, atrophic nonunion, and a nutritional injury fracture.
  • 755
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biophysical Stimulation in Athletes’ Joint Degeneration
Biophysical stimulation is a non-invasive therapy currently employed in orthopaedics and traumatology practice to enhance the reparative abilities of the musculoskeletal system. Biophysical stimulation refers to the application of physical energy to a biological system to increase and facilitate tissue regeneration and anabolic activity.
  • 753
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of the white matter of the central nervous system. It is generally accepted that the etiology of MS is multifactorial and believed to be a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and infectious agents. 
  • 751
  • 20 Sep 2023
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