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Topic Review
Transfer Learning for Building Damage Assessment
When a natural disaster occurs, humanitarian organizations need to be prompt, effective, and efficient to support people whose security is threatened. Damage assessment is the preliminary evaluation of damage in the event of a natural disaster, intended to inform decision-makers on the impact of the incident. Satellite imagery offers rich and reliable information to support expert decision-making, yet its annotation remains labour-intensive and tedious. Researchers suggest an approach where the model first learns generic features from many past disaster events to assimilate current disaster-specific features. This technique is known as transfer learning. 
  • 943
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Intelligent SWaP3 Cameras
Driven by the constantly evolving and iterative SWaP3, manufacturers have focused on some advanced directions such as miniaturization, lightweight, high performance (high-resolution, hyperspectral), and intelligence of IRCs. In applications such as surveillance globalization satellites and much strategic military equipment, the requirement for performance is unlimited. Additionally, the focus of scenarios dominated by high performance is to improve time resolution, spatial resolution, spectral resolution, and other core performance parameters such as sensitivity, frame rate, signal-to-noise ratio, as well as the degree of intelligence of the imaging devices. 
  • 897
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Optical Sensors in CMOS
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)  technology allows integration with the CMOS readout and control electronics in the same microdevice, featuring high-volume fabrication with high-reproducibility and low-cost. Optical sensors in CMOS are being used extensively in the medical field as a key element in spectroscopy analysis. More specifically, they have been a great advance in the detection of gastrointestinal dysplasia and in the studies of Malaria infection. Furthermore, they have been applied in labs-on-a-chip and, more recently, in organs-on-a-chip devices and X-ray imaging. Optical sensors in CMOS are also promising solutions for other types of applications such as, for example, in photovoltaic (PV) sub-modules to measure the angles of incident light in the PV panels.
  • 878
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Radiotherapy Planning of Gliomas
The accuracy of target delineation in radiation treatment (RT) planning of cerebral gliomas is crucial to achieve high tumor control, while minimizing treatment-related toxicity.
  • 877
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
TMCrack-Net
The detection of crack information is very important in mural conservation. In practice, the number of ancient murals is scarce, and the difficulty of collecting digital information about murals leads to minimal data being collected. Crack information appears in pictures of paintings, which resembles painting traces and is easy to misidentify. However, the current mainstream semantic segmentation networks directly use the features of the backbone network for prediction, which do not fully use the features at different scales and ignore the differences between the decoder and encoder features. A new U-shaped convolutional neural network with feature pyramids and a transformer called TMCrack-net is proposed.
  • 862
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Development in Vision-Based On-Road Behaviors Understanding
On-road behavior analysis is a crucial and challenging problem in the autonomous driving vision-based area. Several endeavors have been proposed to deal with different related tasks and it has gained wide attention recently. Much of the excitement about on-road behavior understanding has been the labor of advancement witnessed in the fields of computer vision, machine, and deep learning. Remarkable achievements have been made in the Road Behavior Understanding area over the last years.
  • 854
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Giant Armadillo Optimization
A new bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithm called Giant Armadillo Optimization (GAO) is introduced, which imitates the natural behavior of giant armadillo in the wild. The fundamental inspiration in the design of GAO is derived from the hunting strategy of giant armadillos in moving towards prey positions and digging termite mounds.
  • 847
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Carbon Nanotube Films as Sensor Material
The photo-thermoelectric (PTE) effect in electronic materials effectively combines photo-absorption-induced local heating and associated thermoelectric conversion for uncooled and broadband photo-detection. Formation of heterogeneous material junctions across the carbon nanotube (CNT)-film-based PTE sensors, namely photo-detection interfaces, triggers the Seebeck effect with photo-absorption-induced local heating. Typical photo-detection interfaces include a channel–electrode boundary and a junction between P-type CNTs and N-type CNTs (PN junctions). While the original CNT film channel exhibits positive Seebeck coefficient values, the material selections of the counterpart freely govern the intensity and polarity of the PTE response signals. Based on these operating mechanisms, CNT film PTE sensors demonstrate a variety of physical and chemical non-destructive inspections. 
  • 838
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Models for Blind 360-Degree Image Quality Assessment
Image quality assessment of 360-degree images is still in its early stages, especially when it comes to solutions that rely on machine learning. There are many challenges to be addressed related to training strategies and model architecture.
  • 832
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vision Sensing Technology
Structural health monitoring is currently a crucial measure for the analysis of structural safety. As a structural asset management approach, it can provide a cost-effective measure and has been used successfully in a variety of structures. The development of fiber optic sensing technology and vision sensing technology has led to further advances in structural health monitoring. 
  • 821
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Subgraph Learning for Topological Geolocalization
One of the challenges of spatial cognition, such as self-localization and navigation, is to develop an efficient learning approach capable of mimicking human ability. One of the enduring challenges for the autonomous agent in the field of geoinformatics, computer vision, and robotics is to determine its location in the environment. The concept of location is inherently relative, and one cannot describe the location of an object without providing a reference or map. 
  • 794
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Tumor-Specific MRI Biomarkers
Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled the identification of highly predictive, disease-specific biomarkers. 
  • 757
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
RAW Image Denoising
Given the challenges encountered by industrial cameras, such as the randomness of sensor components, scattering, and polarization caused by optical defects, environmental factors, and other variables, the resulting noise hinders image recognition and leads to errors in subsequent image processing. An increasing number of papers have proposed methods for denoising RAW images. 
  • 737
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Single-Frame Low-Resolution Infrared Small Target Detection
Infrared small target detection technology is widely used in infrared search and tracking, infrared precision guidance, low and slow small aircraft detection, and other projects. Its detection ability is very important in terms of finding unknown targets as early as possible, warning in time, and allowing for enough response time for the security system.
  • 714
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Image Matching: A Comprehensive Overview of Conventional and Learning-Based Methods
This entry provides a comprehensive overview of methods used in image matching. It starts by introducing area-based matching, outlining well-established techniques for determining correspondences. Then, it presents the concept of feature-based image matching, covering feature point detection and description issues, including both handcrafted and learning-based operators. Brief presentations of frequently used detectors and descriptors are included, followed by a presentation of descriptor matching and outlier rejection techniques. Finally, the entry provides a brief overview of relational matching.
  • 712
  • 06 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Aesthetic Image Generation Based on Generative Adversarial Networks
Global photographic aesthetic image generation aims to ensure that images generated by generative adversarial networks (GANs) contain semantic information and have global aesthetic feelings. Existing image aesthetic generation algorithms are still in the exploratory stage, and images screened or generated by a computer have not yet achieved relatively ideal aesthetic quality.
  • 571
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Foot Ulcers in Patients with Diabetes
Unawareness of the risk associated with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) is a significant contributing factor to the mortality of diabetic patients. Evolving technological advancements such as deep learning techniques can be used to predict the symptoms of diabetic foot ulcers as early as possible, which helps to provide effective treatment to DM patients. 
  • 498
  • 14 Jul 2023
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