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Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Mediated Co-Delivery System in Medical and Agricultural Field
Drug and gene delivery systems mediated by nanoparticles have been widely studied for life science in the past decade. The application of nano-delivery systems can dramatically improve the stability and delivery efficiency of carried ingredients, overcoming the defects of administration routes in cancer therapy, and possibly maintaining the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, delivery of a drug or gene alone sometimes cannot achieve a satisfactory effect. The nanoparticle-mediated co-delivery system can load multiple drugs and genes simultaneously, and improve the effectiveness of each component, thus amplifying efficacy and exhibiting synergistic effects in cancer therapy and pest management. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Photosynthesis
A tremendous effort is currently devoted to the generation of novel hybrid materials with enhanced electronic properties for the creation of artificial photosynthetic systems. This compelling and challenging problem is well-defined from an experimental point of view, as the design of such materials relies on combining organic materials or metals with biological systems like redox-active proteins. Such hybrid systems can be used e.g. as bio-sensors, bio-fuel cells, biohybrid photoelectrochemical cells and nanosctuctured photoelectronic devices. Despite these efforts, the main bottleneck is the formation of efficient interfaces between the biological and the organic/metal counterparts for efficient electron transfer (ET). It is within this aspect that computation can make the difference and improve the current understanding of the mechanisms underneath the interface formation and the charge transfer efficiency. Yet, the systems considered are more and more complex, reaching (and often passing) the limit of current computation power. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Defects-Induced Voltage Losses of Perovskite Solar Cells
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached 26.1% in small-scale devices. However, defects at the bulk, surface, grain boundaries, and interfaces act as non-radiative recombination centers for photogenerated electron-hole pairs, limiting the open-circuit voltage and PCE below the Shockley–Queisser limit. These defect states also induce ion migration towards interfaces and contribute to intrinsic instability in PSCs, reducing the quasi-Fermi level splitting and causing anomalous hysteresis in the device. The influence of defects becomes more prominent in large-area devices, demonstrating much lower PCE than the lab-scale devices. Therefore, commercializing PSCs faces a big challenge in terms of rapid decline in working performance due to these intrinsic structural defects.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
VOCs Gas Sensing
Nowadays, the detection of VOCs at trace level (down to ppb) is feasible by exploiting ultra-sensitive and highly selective chemoresistors, especially in the field of medical diagnosis. By coupling Metal Oxide Semiconductors (MOS e.g. SnO2, ZnO, WO3, CuO, TiO2 and Fe2O3) with innovative carbon-based materials (as graphene oxide) outstanding performances in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, limits of detection, response and recovery times towards specific gaseous targets (such as ethanol, acetone, formaldehyde and aromatic compounds) can be easily achieved. Notably, carbonaceous species, highly interconnected to MOS nanoparticles, enhance the sensor responses by i) increasing the surface area and the pores content, ii) favoring the electron migration, the transfer efficiency and gas diffusion rate, iii) promoting the active sites concomitantly limiting the nanopowders agglomeration; and iv) forming nano-heterojunctions. Herein, the aim of the present work is to highlight the nanocomposites features in order to engineer novel flexible, miniaturized and low working temperature sensors, able to detect specific VOC biomarkers of a human’s disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Clay Nanotube-Based Composites
Halloysite nanotubes with different outer surface/inner lumen chemistry (SiO2/Al2O3) are natural objects with a 50 nm diameter hollow cylindrical structure, which are able to carry functional compounds both inside and outside. They are promising for biological applications where their drug loading capacity combined with a low toxicity ensures the safe interaction of these nanomaterials with living cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Nano-Infused Cementitious Composites
A rising demand for efficient functional materials brings forth research challenges regarding improvements in existing materials. Carbon infused cementitious composites, regardless of being an important research topic worldwide, still present many questions concerning their functionality and properties.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Framework Materials
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel category of porous crystalline materials with an exceptionally high surface area and adjustable pore structure. They possess a designable composition and can be easily functionalized with different units. Porphyrins with conjugated tetrapyrrole macrocyclic structures can absorb light from ultraviolet to visible light regions, and their structures and properties can be facilely regulated by altering their peripheral groups or central metal ions. Porphyrin-based MOFs constructed from porphyrin ligands and metal nodes combine the unique features of porphyrins and MOFs as well as overcoming their respective limitations. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MXene-Based NA Biosensors in the Agricultural Food System
MXene is a two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial that exhibits several superior properties suitable for fabricating biosensors. Likewise, the nucleic acid (NA) in oligomerization forms possesses highly specific biorecognition ability and other features amenable to biosensing. Hence the combined use of MXene and NA is becoming increasingly common in biosensor design and development. NAs in oligomerization forms are usually integrated into biosensors as biorecognition elements due to their high specificity toward different target entities. The most well-known NAs are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). According to the development stage, there are three kinds of NA biosensors, each with a unique function: (1) genosensor, (2) aptasensor, and (3) DNAzyme/aptazyme biosensors. These biosensors are now widely explored and used in different areas, e.g., food safety monitoring, environment analysis, etc.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Translational Formulation Technologies for Cancer-Therapy
Over the past few decades, the field of cancer therapy has seen a significant change in the way in which formulations are designed and developed, resulting in more efficient products that allow us to ultimately achieve improved drug bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. However, although many formulations have entered the market, many others have fallen by the wayside leaving the scientific community with several lessons to learn.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid-Conjugated Carbon Nanomaterials
Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been implemented for chemo and photothermal therapy to target tumour cells overexpressing the CD44+ receptor. HA-targeting hybrid systems allows carbon nanomaterial (CNM) carriers to efficiently deliver anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin and gemcitabine, to the tumour sites. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Supercritical Carbon-di-Oxide Technology for Polymeric-Particles
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)  based techniques can be exploited for the formulation of polymeric nanocarriers, limiting the use of toxic organic solvent. The currently approved FDA pharmaceutical polymers like PLA and PLGA particles can be obtained in the micro-and nanometer range by techniques that involve SC-CO2 as solvent (RESS, RESOLV), anti-solvent (SAS, SEDS, SAILA) or extractant (SFEE), depending on the SC-CO2 compatibility with the system materials and the final product.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Deposition Techniques for Diverse Substrates
Nanoparticle deposition on various substrates has gained significant attention due to the potential applications of nanoparticles in various fields. The deposition techniques covered include electron gun evaporation, physical vapor deposition, plasma enriched chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), electrochemical deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electrophoretic deposition, laser metal deposition, and atomic layer deposition (ALD), thermophoretic deposition, supercritical deposition, spin coating, and dip coating.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Magnetite Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in various areas such as medicine, cancer therapy and diagnostics, biosensing, and material science. In particular, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are extensively used for numerous bioapplications due to their biocompatibility, high saturation magnetization, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy functionalization. This paper describes magnetic nanoparticle physical and biological properties, emphasizing synthesis approaches, toxicity, and various biomedical applications, focusing on the most recent advancements in the areas of therapy, diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic separation, and biosensing.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Functional Gold Nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by Huang et al., Akiyama et al., and Mayya et al., obtaining an average diameter of the particles of about 10–50 nm. Ojea-Jiménez et al., investigating AuNP synthesis, demonstrated the influence of the sequence in the addition of the reagents. In the direct method, an aqueous solution of HAuCl4was heated up to 100 °C for 15 min and, finally, added with sodium citrate.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)-Gold Nanoparticles
A composite system consisting of both organic and inorganic nanoparticles is an approach to prepare a new material exhibiting “the best of both worlds”. With the current clinically use of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-gold nanoparticles (PLGA-GNP), PLGA-based nanocarriers have promising pharmaceutical applications and can “extract and utilize” the fascinating optical and photothermal properties of encapsulated GNP. The resulting “golden polymeric nanocarrier” can be tracked, analyzed, and visualized using the encapsulated gold nanoprobes which facilitate a better understanding of the hosting nanocarrier’s pharmacokinetics and biological fate. In addition, the “golden polymeric nanocarrier” can reveal superior nanotherapeutics that combine both the photothermal effect of the encapsulated gold nanoparticles and co-loaded chemotherapeutics. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Harmful Microalgae Detection
There has been a steady stream of information on the methods and techniques available for detecting harmful algae species. The conventional approaches to identify harmful algal bloom (HAB), such as microscopy and molecular biological methods are mainly laboratory-based and require long assay times, skilled manpower, and pre-enrichment of samples involving various pre-experimental preparations. As an alternative, biosensors with a simple and rapid detection strategy could be an improvement over conventional methods for the detection of toxic algae species. Moreover, recent biosensors that involve the use of nanomaterials to detect HAB are showing further enhanced detection limits with a broader linear range. The improvement is attributed to nanomaterials’ high surface area to volume ratio, excellent biological compatibility with biomolecules, and being capable of amplifying the electrochemical signal. 
  • 1.0K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Thermo-chemotherapy; Magnetic Hyperthermia and 5-fluorouracil
Limitations of current cancer therapies require more effective therapeutic strategies. Single-modality therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy are not efficient enough to overcome complicated forms of cancer. Conversely, multimodal approaches like combinatorial hyperthermia and chemotherapy have shown promising therapeutic results. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) enable the application of local magnetic hyperthermia and the delivery of chemotherapeutics into tumors. This study demonstrates the potential of using MNPs for the application of a combination of magnetic hyperthermia and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy to treat colorectal cancer in tumor-bearing mouse models.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Optical Biosensing of Cancer Antigen 125
Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is a well-known oncomarker in ovarian cancer (OC) that has been widely used. CA-125 is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (>200 kDa) generated by normal cells in adult tissues derived from coelomic and Müllerian epithelia. CA-125 levels of less than 35 U/mL in the human body are acceptable for normal cells. Women with advanced stages of OC often show an elevated level of CA-125. Some early-stage cancers can be diagnosed via detecting the cancer antigen CA-125, such as ovarian cancer, and required treatments can be applied more efficiently. Thus, detection of CA-125 by employing various optical or electrochemical biosensors is a preliminary and crucial step to treating cancers. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Flexible Pressure Sensor Arrays
Flexible pressure sensors that can maintain their pressure sensing ability with arbitrary deformation play an essential role in a wide range of applications, such as aerospace, prosthetics, robotics, healthcare, human–machine interfaces, and electronic skin. Flexible pressure sensor arrays can visualize touch actions, track motion trajectories, and map pressure distribution in real time with high pressure sensitivity and high resolution.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Nano-Biosensors for Detecting Pesticides in Foods
The widespread use of pesticides to control pests on fruits and vegetables has become a major issue in food safety. Developing an efficient analytical procedure for determining pesticides in various matrices is an important and urgent issue.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Feb 2023
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