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Topic Review
Applications of Functional Gold Nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by Huang et al., Akiyama et al., and Mayya et al., obtaining an average diameter of the particles of about 10–50 nm. Ojea-Jiménez et al., investigating AuNP synthesis, demonstrated the influence of the sequence in the addition of the reagents. In the direct method, an aqueous solution of HAuCl4was heated up to 100 °C for 15 min and, finally, added with sodium citrate.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Optical Biosensing of Cancer Antigen 125
Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is a well-known oncomarker in ovarian cancer (OC) that has been widely used. CA-125 is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (>200 kDa) generated by normal cells in adult tissues derived from coelomic and Müllerian epithelia. CA-125 levels of less than 35 U/mL in the human body are acceptable for normal cells. Women with advanced stages of OC often show an elevated level of CA-125. Some early-stage cancers can be diagnosed via detecting the cancer antigen CA-125, such as ovarian cancer, and required treatments can be applied more efficiently. Thus, detection of CA-125 by employing various optical or electrochemical biosensors is a preliminary and crucial step to treating cancers. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Framework Materials
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel category of porous crystalline materials with an exceptionally high surface area and adjustable pore structure. They possess a designable composition and can be easily functionalized with different units. Porphyrins with conjugated tetrapyrrole macrocyclic structures can absorb light from ultraviolet to visible light regions, and their structures and properties can be facilely regulated by altering their peripheral groups or central metal ions. Porphyrin-based MOFs constructed from porphyrin ligands and metal nodes combine the unique features of porphyrins and MOFs as well as overcoming their respective limitations. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Photosynthesis
A tremendous effort is currently devoted to the generation of novel hybrid materials with enhanced electronic properties for the creation of artificial photosynthetic systems. This compelling and challenging problem is well-defined from an experimental point of view, as the design of such materials relies on combining organic materials or metals with biological systems like redox-active proteins. Such hybrid systems can be used e.g. as bio-sensors, bio-fuel cells, biohybrid photoelectrochemical cells and nanosctuctured photoelectronic devices. Despite these efforts, the main bottleneck is the formation of efficient interfaces between the biological and the organic/metal counterparts for efficient electron transfer (ET). It is within this aspect that computation can make the difference and improve the current understanding of the mechanisms underneath the interface formation and the charge transfer efficiency. Yet, the systems considered are more and more complex, reaching (and often passing) the limit of current computation power. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanostructured Resistive-Based Vanadium Oxide Gas Sensors
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a transition metal oxide with features such as high availability, good catalytic activity, unique electrical properties and high conductivity which are appropriate for gas sensing applications.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Thermo-chemotherapy; Magnetic Hyperthermia and 5-fluorouracil
Limitations of current cancer therapies require more effective therapeutic strategies. Single-modality therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy are not efficient enough to overcome complicated forms of cancer. Conversely, multimodal approaches like combinatorial hyperthermia and chemotherapy have shown promising therapeutic results. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) enable the application of local magnetic hyperthermia and the delivery of chemotherapeutics into tumors. This study demonstrates the potential of using MNPs for the application of a combination of magnetic hyperthermia and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy to treat colorectal cancer in tumor-bearing mouse models.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
VOCs Gas Sensing
Nowadays, the detection of VOCs at trace level (down to ppb) is feasible by exploiting ultra-sensitive and highly selective chemoresistors, especially in the field of medical diagnosis. By coupling Metal Oxide Semiconductors (MOS e.g. SnO2, ZnO, WO3, CuO, TiO2 and Fe2O3) with innovative carbon-based materials (as graphene oxide) outstanding performances in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, limits of detection, response and recovery times towards specific gaseous targets (such as ethanol, acetone, formaldehyde and aromatic compounds) can be easily achieved. Notably, carbonaceous species, highly interconnected to MOS nanoparticles, enhance the sensor responses by i) increasing the surface area and the pores content, ii) favoring the electron migration, the transfer efficiency and gas diffusion rate, iii) promoting the active sites concomitantly limiting the nanopowders agglomeration; and iv) forming nano-heterojunctions. Herein, the aim of the present work is to highlight the nanocomposites features in order to engineer novel flexible, miniaturized and low working temperature sensors, able to detect specific VOC biomarkers of a human’s disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Magnetite Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in various areas such as medicine, cancer therapy and diagnostics, biosensing, and material science. In particular, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are extensively used for numerous bioapplications due to their biocompatibility, high saturation magnetization, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy functionalization. This paper describes magnetic nanoparticle physical and biological properties, emphasizing synthesis approaches, toxicity, and various biomedical applications, focusing on the most recent advancements in the areas of therapy, diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic separation, and biosensing.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks in Phototherapy
The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in the biomedical field has grown significantly in recent years. Due to their distinct properties, including their porous structure, large surface area, and inherent photo-responsive properties, MOFs can be particularly useful in the fields of cancer phototherapy and immunotherapy. MOF nanoplatforms have successfully demonstrated their ability to address several drawbacks associated with cancer phototherapy and immunotherapy, enabling an effective and low-side-effect combinatorial synergistical treatment for cancer.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nanostructured Surface Finishing and Coatings
Different nanostructured coatings and surface finishing, characterized by length range between 1 and 100 nm, may be deposited on the external area of a matrix to implement or enhance the materials efficiency for several applications.The use of polymers combined with nanomaterials or functional nanocarriers in drug-delivery systems finds their main application in the medical sector, in particular in cancer diagnostics and therapy and in traditional oral delivery systems. As a matter of fact, in wastewater treatment the simplest and most efficient methodology to modify the surface properties of filtering membranes, thus improving their retention and regeneration properties, involves the use of membrane coatings based on nanomaterials.
  • 999
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Polymer−Based Assemblies
An antimicrobial supramolecular assembly (ASA) is conspicuous in biomedical applications. Among the alternatives to overcome microbial resistance to antibiotics and drugs, ASAs, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and polymers (APs), provide formulations with optimal antimicrobial activity and acceptable toxicity. 
  • 997
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Use of Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis
Dendrimers are a type of nanomaterial with unique properties, and their production can be controlled to obtain compounds with the desired characteristics. These polymeric molecules are used in cancer diagnosis and treatment through the targeted distribution of some pharmacological substances. Dendrimers have the ability to fulfill several objectives in anticancer therapy simultaneously, such as targeting tumor cells so that healthy tissue is not affected, controlling the release of anticancer agents in the tumor microenvironment, and combining anticancer strategies based on the administration of anticancer molecules to potentiate their effect through photothermal therapy or photodynamic therapy.
  • 997
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Anodic Films of Mg Alloys
This entry presents an overview of the recent developments in the synthesis of layered double hydroxide (LDH) on the anodized films of Mg alloys prepared by either conventional anodizing or plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and the applications of the formed composite ceramics as smart chloride traps in corrosive environments.
  • 995
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Defects-Induced Voltage Losses of Perovskite Solar Cells
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached 26.1% in small-scale devices. However, defects at the bulk, surface, grain boundaries, and interfaces act as non-radiative recombination centers for photogenerated electron-hole pairs, limiting the open-circuit voltage and PCE below the Shockley–Queisser limit. These defect states also induce ion migration towards interfaces and contribute to intrinsic instability in PSCs, reducing the quasi-Fermi level splitting and causing anomalous hysteresis in the device. The influence of defects becomes more prominent in large-area devices, demonstrating much lower PCE than the lab-scale devices. Therefore, commercializing PSCs faces a big challenge in terms of rapid decline in working performance due to these intrinsic structural defects.
  • 993
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Mediated Co-Delivery System in Medical and Agricultural Field
Drug and gene delivery systems mediated by nanoparticles have been widely studied for life science in the past decade. The application of nano-delivery systems can dramatically improve the stability and delivery efficiency of carried ingredients, overcoming the defects of administration routes in cancer therapy, and possibly maintaining the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, delivery of a drug or gene alone sometimes cannot achieve a satisfactory effect. The nanoparticle-mediated co-delivery system can load multiple drugs and genes simultaneously, and improve the effectiveness of each component, thus amplifying efficacy and exhibiting synergistic effects in cancer therapy and pest management. 
  • 992
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Deposition Techniques for Diverse Substrates
Nanoparticle deposition on various substrates has gained significant attention due to the potential applications of nanoparticles in various fields. The deposition techniques covered include electron gun evaporation, physical vapor deposition, plasma enriched chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), electrochemical deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electrophoretic deposition, laser metal deposition, and atomic layer deposition (ALD), thermophoretic deposition, supercritical deposition, spin coating, and dip coating.
  • 991
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bimetallic Nanocrystals
Bimetallic nanocrystals are nanoscale crystals composed of two different metal elements. Bimetallic nanocrystals are expected to exhibit improved physical and chemical properties due to the synergistic effect between the two metals, not just a combination of two monometallic properties, which have important applications in the field of catalysis, energy conversion, gas sensing and bio-detection applications. 
  • 990
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Copolymer-Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerators
The highest energy conversion efficiencies are typically shown by lead-containing piezoelectric materials, but the harmful environmental impacts of lead and its toxicity limit future use. At the bulk scale, lead-based piezoelectric materials have significantly higher piezoelectric properties when compared to lead-free piezoelectric materials. However, at the nanoscale, the piezoelectric properties of lead-free piezoelectric material can be significantly larger than the bulk scale. 
  • 990
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Flexible Pressure Sensor Arrays
Flexible pressure sensors that can maintain their pressure sensing ability with arbitrary deformation play an essential role in a wide range of applications, such as aerospace, prosthetics, robotics, healthcare, human–machine interfaces, and electronic skin. Flexible pressure sensor arrays can visualize touch actions, track motion trajectories, and map pressure distribution in real time with high pressure sensitivity and high resolution.
  • 989
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnological Approaches for Solubility Enhancement
Nanotechnology has the potential to revitalize both poorly performing marketed drugs and many of those pre-clinically promising candidates that were “beached” due to inadequate water solubility, in addition to novel therapeutic developments using components in the 1–100 nanometer range. As a result of developments in nanotechnology, researchers have been tackling this problem by formulating drugs with the aid of nanocarriers.
  • 989
  • 05 May 2023
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