You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Definition and Diagnosis of Barrett’s Esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rapidly increasing in incidence and is associated with a poor prognosis. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a known precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. 
  • 619
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a growing global phenomenon, and its damaging effects in terms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are becoming more apparent. NAFLD is estimated to affect around one quarter of the world population and is often comorbid with other metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and metabolic syndrome.
  • 618
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Application to Pancreas Imaging
Despite the increasing rate of detection of incidental pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs), current standard-of-care methods for their diagnosis and risk stratification remain inadequate. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are the most prevalent PCLs. The existing modalities, including endoscopic ultrasound and cyst fluid analysis, only achieve accuracy rates of 65–75% in identifying carcinoma or high-grade dysplasia in IPMNs. Furthermore, surgical resection of PCLs reveals that up to half exhibit only low-grade dysplastic changes or benign neoplasms. To reduce unnecessary and high-risk pancreatic surgeries, more precise diagnostic techniques are necessary. A promising approach involves integrating existing data, such as clinical features, cyst morphology, and data from cyst fluid analysis, with confocal endomicroscopy and radiomics to enhance the prediction of advanced neoplasms in PCLs. Artificial intelligence and machine learning modalities can play a crucial role in achieving this goal. 
  • 618
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic and Surgical Management of Stricturing Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a systemic disease, primarily affecting the gastro-intestinal tract, of which the etiology has not been clarified. Genetic and environmental factors are indicated to contribute to CD development. CD may affect any part of the digestive tract, whereas disease behavior may change over time and progress to fibrostenotic and penetrating disease. It is estimated that approximately 40% of CD patients will develop naïve symptomatic strictures (e.g., intestinal obstruction), whereas it is not uncommon for the development of anastomotic strictures. Diagnosis <40 years of age, need for steroids at diagnosis, small bowel involvement, and smoking has been associated with stricturing CD. Symptoms of stricturing CD may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and abdominal flatulence, leading to decreased quality of life.
  • 617
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Prebiotics and Probiotics in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Alterations in the gut–liver axis and changes in the gut microbiome are among the risk factors for the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These patients show increased bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and impaired intestinal permeability. Therefore, therapeutic options such as probiotics or prebiotics have been investigated to modulate intestinal microbiota composition to improve NAFLD. Most in vivo and in vitro probiotic studies have focused on reducing hepatic fat accumulation. The beneficial effects of probiotics on NAFLD have been demonstrated in animal models, and the most widely used microorganisms are those of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. In animal models, probiotics help restore the intestinal microbiota and improve the integrity of the intestinal barrier. 
  • 616
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Quality of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, or EGD, is essential for diagnosing and managing ailments of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The quality of EGD is crucial and carries significant consequences for patient outcomes, the employment of healthcare resources, and the future course of gastroenterology as a medical specialty.
  • 615
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Association between Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with poor prognosis, leading to significant cancer-related mortality and an overall five-year survival rate of about nine percent. 
  • 610
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Unfolded Protein Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle playing a vital role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and disruptions to its functions can have detrimental effects on cells. Dysregulated ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to various human diseases. For example, ER stress and the activation of the UPR signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells can either exacerbate or alleviate the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), contingent on the degree and conditions of activation.
  • 610
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic Diagnosis of Early Gastric Cancer
Endoscopy is mandatory to detect early gastric cancer (EGC). When considering the cost-effectiveness of the endoscopic screening of EGC, risk stratification by combining serum pepsinogen values and anti-H. pylori IgG antibody values is very promising. After the detection of suspicious lesions of EGC, a detailed observation using magnifying endoscopy with band-limited light is necessary, which reveals an irregular microsurface and/or an irregular microvascular pattern with demarcation lines in the case of cancerous lesions. Endocytoscopy enables us to make an in vivo histological diagnosis. 
  • 609
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Antiviral Protease Inhibitor-induced Liver Injury
Antiviral protease inhibitors (PIs) are peptidomimetic molecules that block the active catalytic center of viral proteases and, thereby, prevent the cleavage of viral polyprotein precursors into maturation. They continue to be a key class of antiviral drugs that can be used either as boosters for other classes of antivirals or as major components of current regimens in therapies for the treatment of infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and/or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, sustained/lifelong treatment with the drugs or drugs combined with other substance(s) often leads to severe hepatic side effects such as lipid abnormalities, insulin resistance, and steatohepatitis. Molecular mechanisms underlying the PI-induced liver injury and potential therapeutic/pharmaceutical solutions are systemically reviewed here. 
  • 606
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Cutaneous Disorders Masking Celiac Disease
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated systemic gluten-related disorder characterized by a wide spectrum of intestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations, including damage to cutaneous and connective tissue. 
  • 606
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Chemokine System in the Development of NAFLD
Chemokines (Greek—kinos, movement) are a large family of chemotactic cytokines that involve immune and inflammatory responses through the chemoattraction and activation of leukocytes. These small proteins (approximately 8–12 kilodaltons) are classified into four different subfamilies (CC, CXC, CX3C and XC) based on the presence of four cysteine residues in the conserved locations ofN-terminals that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape. Approximately 50 chemokines expressed in various cell types and tissues have been identified in humans and mice. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Sustained hepatic inflammation is a key driver of the transition from simple fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the more aggressive form of NAFLD. Hepatic inflammation is orchestrated by chemokines, a family of chemoattractant cytokines that are produced by hepatocytes, Kupffer cells (liver resident macrophages), hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Over the last three decades, accumulating evidence from both clinical and experimental investigations demonstrated that chemokines and their receptors are increased in the livers of NAFLD patients and that CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 and CCL5 in particular play a pivotal role in inducing insulin resistance, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in liver disease.
  • 604
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Pathogenesis of NAFLD
The term “gut microbiota” refers to the microorganism community residing in the intestinal lumen, while the term “gut microbiome” refers to the entire ecological habitat, including the microorganisms as well as their genomes and the surrounding environmental conditions. There has been a growing body of evidence linking the presence of intestinal dysbiosis to the pathogenesis of human liver disease, with a primary focus on metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • 603
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role of Exosomes in Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, having a significantly poor prognosis and no sufficiently efficient treatments. Immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has provided new therapeutic approaches for HCC patients. Nevertheless, most patients with HCC do not benefit from immunotherapy. Exosomes are biologically active lipid bilayer nano-sized vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm and can be secreted by almost any cell.
  • 602
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Bowel Cleansing
Proper bowel preparation is of paramount importance for enhancing adenoma detection rates and reducing postcolonoscopic colorectal cancer risk. The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged for the preprocedural detection of inadequate bowel preparation, holding the potential to guide the preparation process immediately preceding colonoscopy.
  • 602
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Acute Pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a digestive emergency and can develop into a systematic illness. The role of the gut in the progression and deterioration of AP has drawn much attention from researchers, and areas of interest include dysbiosis of the intestinal flora, weakened intestinal barrier function, and bacterial and endotoxin translocation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as one of the metabolites of gut microbiota, have been proven to be depleted in AP patients. SCFAs help restore gut homeostasis by rebuilding gut flora, stabilizing the intestinal epithelial barrier, and regulating inflammation. SCFAs can also suppress systematic inflammatory responses, improve the injured pancreas, and prevent and protect other organ dysfunctions. Based on multiple beneficial effects, increasing SCFAs is an essential idea of gut protective treatment in AP. Specific strategies include the direct use of butyrate or indirect supplementation through fiber, pre/pro/synbiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation as a promising adjective therapy to enteral nutrition.
  • 600
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), also called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), are relatively uncommon, heterogenous tumors primarily originating in the gastrointestinal tract. With the improvement in technology and increasing use of cross-sectional imaging and endoscopy, they are being discovered with increasing frequency. Advanced gastrointestinal endoscopic technique scan play a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of this rare condition.
  • 599
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
From Infection to Viral Persistence of HBV
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family, characterized by an incomplete double-stranded circular DNA included in an enveloped virion. It can be repaired by an endogenous DNA-polymerase, which can incorporate nucleotides into the genome. Transmission occurs parenterally, and we can find the virus in potentially every body fluid, with a higher concentration in the blood and exudates and a lower concentration in saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions.
  • 597
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Interventional Treatment of Budd–Chiari Syndrome
Medical treatment is regarded as the primary course of action in patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS). Its efficacy, however, is limited, and most patients require interventional treatment during follow-up. Short-segment stenosis or the occlusion (the so-called web) of hepatic veins or the inferior vena cava are frequent in Asian countries. An angioplasty with or without stent implantation is the treatment of choice to restore hepatic and splanchnic blood flow. The long-segment thrombotic occlusion of hepatic veins, common in Western countries, is more severe and may require a portocaval shunting procedure to relieve hepatic and splanchnic congestion.
  • 597
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Equol Production Status and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Equol is a metabolite of daidzein, a major soybean isoflavone with estrogenic and antioxidant activities. As the production of equol depends on the presence of certain members of the intestinal microflora, not all individuals can produce equol. Treatment with equol-rich soy product, SE5-OH markedly attenuated the development of liver fibrosis and the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in obese OLETF rats, and in the clinical study, the degree of fibrosis and ballooning in equol nonproducers was significantly higher than that of producers in women with NASH. In addition, the percentage of nonproducers with NAS ≥ 5 was significantly higher than that of producers in women with NASH. 
  • 594
  • 19 Nov 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 33
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback