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Topic Review
Antimicrobial Lipids from Plants and Marine Organisms
Medicinal plants and marine organisms are natural sources of many antimicrobial compounds. Plant components with antimicrobial activity include alkaloids, sulfur-containing compounds, diterpenes/terpenoids, fatty acids (FA), some carbohydrates, steroidal glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Both primary and secondary metabolites are “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) substances and the chance of triggering antimicrobial resistance is low. The most studied antimicrobial compounds of marine origin are peptides and alkaloids, contrarily to lipids. However, lipids are ubiquitously distributed in the different marine phyla, being quite abundant in some of them. Besides, several lipid classes from marine organisms have been recognized by their biological activity with a high potential to discover new antimicrobial compounds.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endophytic Microbiome and Plant Growth
Endophytic bacteria are plant-associated bacteria that live in the internal tissues of the plant without harming the host plant. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Engineering Microbial Phenotypes
Microbial strains are being engineered for an increasingly diverse array of applications, from chemical production to human health. While traditional engineering disciplines are driven by predictive design tools, these tools have been difficult to build for biological design due to the complexity of biological systems and many unknowns of their quantitative behavior. However, due to many recent advances, the gap between design in biology and other engineering fields is closing.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
MDR Pumps as Crossroads of Resistance
The development of new antibiotics is either very expensive or ineffective due to rapidly developing bacterial resistance. The need to develop alternative approaches to the treatment of bacterial infections, such as phage therapy, is beyond doubt. The cornerstone of bacterial defense against antibiotics are multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps, which are involved in antibiotic resistance, toxin export, biofilm, and persister cell formation. MDR pumps are the primary non-specific defense of bacteria against antibiotics, while drug target modification, drug inactivation, target switching, and target sequestration are the second, specific line of their defense. All bacteria have MDR pumps, and bacteriophages have evolved along with them and use the bacteria’s need for MDR pumps to bind and penetrate into bacterial cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Human Microbiome for Identifying Disease Diagnostic Biomarkers
The human microbiome encodes more than three million genes, outnumbering human genes by more than 100 times, while microbial cells in the human microbiota outnumber human cells by 10 times. Thus, the human microbiota and related microbiome constitute a vast source for identifying disease biomarkers and therapeutic drug targets.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Basonym Lactobacillus plantarum) is a good candidate for developing oral vaccines because it survives gastrointestinal conditions transiently colonizing the intestinal tract, it beneficially modulates the mucosal immune responses not only locally (intestinal mucosa) but in distant mucosal sites as well (respiratory mucosa) and there are molecular techniques available for the manipulation of its genome.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Microbial Reprogramming in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental health disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbial composition, has been associated with various health conditions, including mental health disorders, autism, and inflammatory diseases. While the exact mechanisms underlying OCD remain unclear, researchers present a growing body of evidence suggesting a potential link between dysbiosis and the multifaceted etiology of OCD, interacting with genetic, neurobiological, immunological, and environmental factors.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Viral Enteritis in Cattle
Livestock products supply about 13 percent of energy and 28 percent of protein in diets consumed worldwide. Diarrhea is a leading cause of sickness and death of beef and dairy calves in their first month of life and also affecting adult cattle, resulting in large economic losses and a negative impact on animal welfare. Despite the usual multifactorial origin, viruses are generally involved, being among the most important causes of diarrhea. There are several viruses that have been confirmed as etiological agents (i.e., rotavirus and coronavirus), and some viruses that are not yet confirmed as etiological agents. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Human Trimethylamine N-Oxide-Associated Diseases
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. TMAO is a biomolecule capable of providing relevant information on the metabolic and immunological state of the human body. Having been linked to the pathogenesis and progression of several diseases, it could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic intervention.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Probiotic Bacteria
A probiotic is a live microorganism that improves the host's health when administrated in adequate amounts. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Anthrax Toxin Detection
       Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, considered one of the most potent and critical bioterrorist agents. It is still as important to quickly diagnose this disease, a rapid diagnosis improving the effective management of the patient. Significant progress has been made in the detection of toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis. These toxins appear as early targets for diagnosis, predictive tools for host survival, and they help to monitor the efficiency of treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microorganisms Improve Barley Salt Tolerance
As the global human population continues to increase, the use of saline–alkali land for food production is an important consideration for food security. In addition to breeding or cultivating salt-tolerant crop varieties, microorganisms are increasingly being evaluated for their ability to improve plant salt tolerance. Barley is one of the most important and salt-tolerant cereal crops and is a model system for investigating the roles of microorganisms in improving plant salt tolerance. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biological Effects of Squalamine and Its Aminosterol Derivatives
Squalamine is a natural aminosterol that has been discovered in the tissues of the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias). Studies have previously demonstrated that this promoter compound and its derivatives exhibit potent bactericidal activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria, and multidrug-resistant bacteria. The antibacterial activity of squalamine was found to correlate with that of other antibiotics, such as colistin and polymyxins. Still, in the field of microbiology, evidence has shown that squalamine and its derivatives have antifungal activity, antiprotozoa effect against a limited list of protozoa, and could exhibit antiviral activity against both RNA- and DNA-enveloped viruses. Furthermore, squalamine and its derivatives have been identified as being antiangiogenic compounds in the case of several types of cancers and induce a potential positive effect in the case of other diseases such as experimental retinopathy and Parkinson’s disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Antarctic Soil Fungi for Bioprospecting
Antarctica, one of the harshest environments in the world, has been successfully colonized by extremophilic, psychrophilic, and psychrotolerant microorganisms, facing a range of extreme conditions. Fungi are the most diverse taxon in the Antarctic ecosystems, including soils. Genetic adaptation to this environment results in the synthesis of a range of metabolites with different functional roles in relation to the biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Cold-adapted enzymes and other bioactive secondary metabolites with new biological properties of potential biotechnological interest have been reported to date from filamentous fungi and yeasts inhabiting Antarctic soils, and further could be recovered. Antarctic fungi are a source of enzymes and secondary metabolites with an incredible application potential, deserving to be studied always in agreement with the provisions of Article III.1 of the Antarctic Treaty, concerning scientific exchanges and the availability of scientific observations and results from the continent.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Correlation between the Intestinal Microbiota and Food Allergy
Food allergy is a repeatable atopic disorder resulting from exposure to specific food allergens that can lead to life-threatening allergic reactions. Food allergens are digested and absorbed in the gut, mainly in the small intestine, which contains symbiotic microbiota. With the co-evolution of humans and microbiota, symbiotic microbes inevitably have a considerable impact on human health. The human intestinal microbiota, especially the ileum and colon, plays an important role in the intestinal mucosal immunity, by promoting local homeostatic interactions and regulating the immune response to food allergens in the peripheral mucosa 
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Abyssomicins
Abyssomicins represent a new family of polycyclic macrolactones. The first described compounds of the abyssomicin family were abyssomicin B, C, atrop-C, and D, produced by the marine actinomycete strain Verrucosispora maris AB-18-032, which was isolated from a sediment collected in the Sea of Japan. Among the described abyssomicins, only abyssomicin C and atrop-abyssomicin C show a high antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including multi-resistant and vancomycin-resistant strains. The inhibitory activity is caused by a selective inhibition of the enzyme 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase, which catalyzes the transformation of chorismate to para-aminobenzoic acid, an intermediate in the folic acid pathway.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bluetongue Virus Egress
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne virus infecting livestock. Its frequent emergence in Europe and North America had caused significant agricultural and economic loss. BTV is also of scientific interest as a model to understand the mechanisms underlying non-enveloped virus release from mammalian and insect cells. The BTV particle, which is formed of a complex double-layered capsid, was first considered as a lytic virus that needs to lyse the infected cells for cell to cell transmission. In the last decade however, a more in-depth focus on the role of the non-structural proteins has led to several examples where BTV particles are also released through different budding mechanisms at the plasma membrane. It is now clear that the non-structural protein NS3 is the main driver of BTV release, via different interactions with both viral and cellular proteins of the cell sorting and exocytosis pathway. Here are presented the main mechanisms that lead to lytic or non-lytic BTV release.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Mycobacterium avium
In this study we characterized adhesins  heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) and laminin-binding proteins (LBP) from M. intracellulare subsp chimaera intracellulare complex (MCIC) species isolated from patients with a variety of disease expression, examined the role of these adhesins in binding of M. intracellulare to lung epithelial cells and their degree of conservation within the M. intracellulare subsp chimaera intracellulare complex
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Extremophilic Fungi from Marine Environments
Marine environments are underexplored terrains containing fungi that produce a diversity of natural products given unique environmental pressures and nutrients. While bacteria are commonly the most studied microorganism for natural products in the marine world, marine fungi are also abundant but remain an untapped source of bioactive metabolites. Given that their terrestrial counterparts have been a source of many blockbuster antitumor agents and anti-infectives, including camptothecin, the penicillins, and cyclosporin A, marine fungi also have the potential to produce new chemical scaffolds as leads to potential drugs. Fungi are more phylogenetically diverse than bacteria and have larger genomes that contain many silent biosynthetic gene clusters involved in making bioactive compounds. However, less than 5% of all known fungi have been cultivated under standard laboratory conditions. While the number of reported natural products from marine fungi is steadily increasing, their number is still significantly lower compared to those reported from their bacterial counterparts.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Listeria ivanovii
Listeria ivanovii invasiveness, pathogenicity and distribution in the environment.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
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