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Topic Review
Potential of Energy Harvesting Sources in Electric Vehicles
Energy harvesting, a cutting-edge technology that captures wasted energy from vehicles, constitutes a means to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles. Dissipated energy can be converted into electricity using regenerative energy recovery systems and put to various uses.
  • 511
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Direct Borohydride–Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell
Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) operate directly on liquid fuel instead of hydrogen, as in typical proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). DLFCs have the advantages of higher energy densities and fewer issues with the transportation and storage of their fuels compared with compressed hydrogen and are adapted to mobile applications. Among DLFCs, the direct borohydride–hydrogen peroxide fuel cell (DBPFC) is one of the most promising DLFC technologies. DBPFCs are fed sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the fuel and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant. 
  • 511
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hydrocarbon Fluid Production Intensification
Analysis of existing studies has shown that under certain geological conditions it is possible to achieve a significant intensification of hydrocarbon production by local reaming of the well diameter in the productive interval. The paper has proposed that the new technology can increase the local well diameter by more than five times in a clearly defined interval. The peculiarity of the proposed technology is a two-stage process of well reaming.
  • 510
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Open-Cathode PEM Fuel Cells
Fuel cells were first introduced in aircraft as auxiliary power units; however, in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using fuel cells, batteries, and, sometimes, supercapacitors for the electric propulsion of small aerial vehicles. Open cathode fuel cells are characterized by a light and simple balance of plant but the control of temperature is quite critical under variable conditions of load and altitude, typical of the aerospace application.
  • 510
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hydrogen Production by Wastewater Alkaline Electro-Oxidation
The electro-oxidation of olive mill and biodiesel wastewaters in an alkaline medium with the aim of hydrogen production and simultaneous reduction in the organic pollution content are presented. The process is performed, at laboratory scale, in an own-design single cavity electrolyzer with graphite electrodes and no membrane. The system and the procedures to generate hydrogen under ambient conditions are described. The gas flow generated is analyzed through gas chromatography. The wastewater balance in the liquid electrolyte shows a reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) pointing to a decrease in the organic content. The experimental results confirm the production of hydrogen with different purity levels and the simultaneous reduction in organic contaminants. This wastewater treatment appears as a feasible process to obtain hydrogen at ambient conditions powered with renewable energy sources, resulting in a more competitive hydrogen cost.
  • 507
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Technology
The role of cogeneration is currently essential in the field of energy efficiency measures. The fuel cell acts in cogeneration, i.e., both heat and electricity are produced from the same energy source, which is an innovative technology with very significant energy savings. 
  • 504
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Wave Energy Generation in Brazil
Seas and oceans offer great potential as a widely available source of clean and renewable energy near high energy consumption centers. This source of energy is a valuable option in the energy transition and in energy matrix decarbonization. Wave energy and an oscillating water column (OWC) device stand out as the types of ocean energy with the most potential. An onshore OWC requires locations with rocky outcrops and steeper slopes as the device needs to be physically installed and has lower energy dissipation due to friction with the seabed. However, Brazil has approximately 7490 km of coastlines, with various shoreline geometries and geomorphologies, some of which are very suitable for OWC implementation.
  • 504
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioengineering Approaches for Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen with high energy content is considered to be a promising alternative clean energy source. Biohydrogen production through microbes provides a renewable and immense hydrogen supply by utilizing raw materials such as inexhaustible natural sunlight, water, and even organic waste, which is supposed to solve the two problems of “energy supply and environment protection” at the same time. Hydrogenases and nitrogenases are two classes of key enzymes involved in biohydrogen production and can be applied under different biological conditions. Both the research on enzymatic catalytic mechanisms and the innovations of enzymatic techniques are important and necessary for the application of biohydrogen production.
  • 503
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Energy Situation of Pakistan
Pakistan has been facing energy crises as a result of its reliance on imported fossil fuels, circular debt, political instability, and absurd energy policies. However, the country has abundant renewable energy resources which, if harnessed, may help to effectively cope with ever-increasing energy demand. The economic situation of the country has remained severely stressed, and energy sector performance has been compromised over the years for various underlying reasons. The energy policy narrative in the early decades of the post-independence period focused on water resource management, whereas energy concerns were only realized in the late 1960s as demand grew. The first-ever energy and power planning study in Pakistan was conducted in 1967, and since then, various studies have been conducted to support the medium-term development plans of the government. These planning studies inspired further development, and in 1994, the first-ever electricity-focused power policy was announced by the government in response to industrial growth and subsequent electricity demand. However, this and subsequent policies were fossil-fuel-centric until 2006, when the government announced the first-ever renewable energy policy. This 2006 policy focused on increasing renewable energy penetration in the overall energy mix by setting specific targets. However, these targets have rarely been accomplished as a result of a lack of an effective planning paradigm, as most of studies have been conducted without sound demand forecasting and without considering renewable energy’s potential to meet growing demand. As such, planning efforts based on proven methodologies/modeling tools and the undertaking of demand forecasts and renewable energy assessments are inevitable for countries such as Pakistan.
  • 502
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Role of Hydrogen in Energy Transformation
Hydrogen, with its potential to decarbonize various sectors, has emerged as a key player in achieving decarbonization and energy sustainability goals. The outlook for hydrogen is characterized by an increasingly central role in the global effort to transition towards a sustainable and low-carbon energy future. 
  • 501
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Advanced Nuclear
Advanced nuclear is an emerging area of the energy industry focused on designing and commercializing next generation reactors for nuclear energy production. Encompassing more comprehensive and radical technological innovations and design advancements, these innovations aim to dramatically improve performance and eliminate known problems associated with the existing generation nuclear reactors (Gen I and Gen II) currently in use around the world. The earliest Gen I and Gen II nuclear reactors built utilized the light-water reactor design in one of three variants: the pressurized water reactor (PWR), the boiling water reactor (BWR), and the supercritical water reactor (SCWR). The use of the light-water design (i.e. using regular water, H2O and not heavy water, 2H2O) as both its coolant and neutron moderator but needing a plentiful supply) in all commercial reactors was a trade-off that enabled the industry to leverage the purchasing clout of Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, who was keen on procuring nuclear-powered submarines for the Navy, to grow quickly. The choice, however, imposed a riskier design that many argued was not optimized for terrestrial energy, bringing both competitive advantages as well as fateful disadvantages to the initial development and subsequent growth of the commercial nuclear power fleet. Despite operating to the military's exacting specifications and winning praise and massive contracts from government buyers, the industry quickly earned the distrust of the public. (See the Anti-nuclear movement.) Generation III reactors contain yet further incremental refinements to aspects of Generation II nuclear reactor designs but were not very popular. Improvements were developed for fuel technology, thermal efficiency, to safety systems to reduce maintenance and capital costs. The first Generation III reactor was Kashiwazaki 6 (an ABWR) in 1996 but the declining support for the underlying Generation II light-water design, caused relatively few third generation reactors to be built. Generation IV designs are the first generation where innovator in Advanced Nuclear technologies are exploring paradigm shifts in methodologies. Gen IV projects encompass not just innovative nuclear fission concepts, like the Molten salt reactor, Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors, and High temperature gas cooled reactors, but also Fusion power and even Low Energy Nuclear Reactors (LENR), which generate heat through a series of controlled chemical reactions that then cause a nuclear bond to shift, which results in heat output. Gen IV is still in development as of 2017, and are not expected to start entering commercial operation until after 2020. Some of the different reactor design ideas being explored and developed for Advanced nuclear reactors, now thought of as Generation IV reactors (Gen IV) today were actually first conceived within the National Labs back in the 1960s. Several of these concepts, including Alvin M. Weinberg's Molten salt reactor (MSR) developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), even had the benefit of being prototyped and tested over a period of time. Weinberg's MSR became the first reactor to run on Uranium 233 in 1968 and logged more than 13,000 hours at "full power" before being shut down in 1969. Today, the concept of using a molten salt brew that acts both as the fuel and the "containment" of the reaction by using the ionic bonds of the salt to capture and contain the heat generated from the nuclear reaction, thereby dispensing with the need for expensive containment structures and eliminating much of risk and cost, remains of keen interest to those exploring Advanced nuclear technologies.
  • 499
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Sustainability Concept Focusing on Energy
The concept of sustainability, with a focus on energy, has emerged as a central tenet in addressing the mounting global challenges of environmental degradation and resource depletion. Indicators of sustainability focusing on energy are crucial tools used to assess and monitor progress toward achieving a more sustainable energy system. These indicators provide valuable insights into the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of energy practices and their long-term impacts. By analyzing and understanding these indicators, policymakers, businesses, and communities can make informed decisions, formulate effective policies, and steer their efforts toward a more sustainable energy future. These indicators serve as navigational guides, steering the world toward energy practices that support both present needs and the well-being of future generations. 
  • 498
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
Perovskite-based solar cells are a promising photovoltaic technology capable of offering higher conversion efficiency at low costs compared with the standard of the market. They can be produced via a thin film technology that allows for considerable environmental sustainability, thus representing an efficient, sustainable, flexible, and light solution. Tandem solar cells represent the next step in the evolution of photovoltaics (PV). They promise higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than those currently dominating the market. The tandem solar cell design overcomes the limitations of single junction solar cells by reducing the thermal losses as well as the manufacturing costs. Perovskite has been employed as a partner in different kinds of tandem solar cells, such as the Si and CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) based cells that, in their tandem configuration with perovskite, can convert light more efficiently than standalone sub-cells.
  • 496
  • 04 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mg-Based Hydrogen Absorbing Materials
Chemical heat storage is one of the most promising alternatives for thermal energy storage (TES) due to its high energy density, low energy loss, flexible temperature range, and excellent storage duration. Mg-based materials are pretty suitable for the heat storage application. In the hydrogen storage area, Mg-based materials are promising candidates due to the large abundant reserve in the crust, the light weight of Mg element, and high hydrogen storage capacity.
  • 495
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Surface Thermometry Methods in Combustion Environments
Temperature is one of the most important parameters in the combustion processes. Accurate surface temperature can help to gain insight into the combustion characteristics of various solid or liquid fuels, as well as to evaluate the operating status of combustion power facilities such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Techniques for surface temperature measurement could be broadly divided into two categories: contact-based thermometry, which is mainly composed of various types of thermocouples and thermistors, as well as non-intrusive thermometry, e.g., radiation thermometry and laser-based techniques.
  • 495
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Building Retrofitting Measures in Korean
Green buildings and architecture are necessary for sustainable building development. Buildings are responsible for global high-energy consumption and carbon emissions. Retrofitting measures mitigate the effect of climate change on buildings by improving their energy performance at beneficial cost-effectiveness. The most critical aspect of retrofitting is structural refurbishment, which aids in added strength, stability, and safety.
  • 491
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen as an Energetic Alternative
Efforts to direct the economies of many countries towards low-carbon economies are being made in order to reduce their impact on global climate change. Within this process, replacing fossil fuels with hydrogen will play an important role in the sectors where electrification is difficult or technically and economically ineffective. Hydrogen may also play a critical role in renewable energy storage processes. 
  • 490
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
M&A in Energy Industry
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in energy industry are increasing. The purpose of the M&A deals has changed remarkably. During 1995–2010, most M&A events were conducted in order to explore synergies and benefit from cost reduction. Since the last decade, firms are pursuing M&As in the search of growth opportunities, ensuring supply and reflecting demand for green development of ecological environment and ongoing changes in the nature of energy. 
  • 488
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Techniques for Improving Heat Transfer in PCMs Systems
Phase change materials (PCMs) are often used to mitigate and time-shift thermal load peaks. They gain heat (charge) during warmer daytime via melting and solidification due to releasing energy (discharge) during cooler nighttime. Therefore, PCMs may increase energy efficiency when integrated into a building’s envelope. They also are used for solar thermal applications such as solar collectors, solar photovoltaic systems, and solar desalination systems.
  • 488
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Implementation of PV Technology in Smart Grids
Photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) corresponds to the PV technology with the final goal of self-consumption, and it is generally located near the loads. PVDG support is a central topic when it comes to climate and energy policies, not only because of the environmental benefits that this technology brings, but also due to its social benefits, including the creation of new jobs. In fact, from 2009 to 2017, the PV modules’ cost decreased by over 85%—as compared with the price in 2009—which resulted from support schemes and improvements in technological competitiveness.
  • 487
  • 20 May 2022
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