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Topic Review
Profiling the Cycling-Induced Oxide Trapped Charge
NAND Flash memories have gained tremendous attention owing to the increasing demand for storage capacity. This implies that NAND cells need to scale continuously to maintain the pace of technological evolution. Even though NAND Flash memory technology has evolved from a traditional 2D concept toward a 3D structure, the traditional reliability problems related to the tunnel oxide continue to persist.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Current Source Inverter Power Converters in Photovoltaic Systems
Grid converters play a central role in renewable energy conversion. Current source inverter (CSI) can play a pivotal role in ensuring the seamless conversion of solar-generated energy with the electricity grid, thereby facilitating stable and reliable integration of solar photovoltaic systems.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Theoretical Concepts Underlying LSTM and BiLSTM Networks
Precise anticipation of electrical demand holds crucial importance for the optimal operation of power systems and the effective management of energy markets within the domain of energy planning. The primary aim of bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network is to enhance predictive performance by capturing intricate temporal patterns and interdependencies within time series data.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Electropolymerization for Neuromorphic Engineering 
Electropolymerization is a bottom-up materials engineering process of micro/nanoscale that utilizes electrical signals to deposit conducting dendrites morphologies by a redox reaction in the liquid phase. It resembles synaptogenesis in the brain, in which the electrical stimulation in the brain causes the formation of synapses from the cellular neural composites. The strategy has been recently explored for neuromorphic engineering by establishing link between the electrical signals and the dendrites' shapes. Since the geometry of these structures determines their electrochemical properties, understanding the mechanisms that regulate polymer assembly under electrically programmed conditions is an important aspect, which is briefly reviewed here.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Liquid Crystal Waveguide Structures
Liquid crystal materials can be used to make either a core, in which light beams can be confined, or a cladding of optical waveguides.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
DO-160
DO-160, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment is a standard for the environmental testing of avionics hardware. It is published by the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) and supersedes DO-138.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Intelligent Dispatcher Training Simulator
The concept of dispatcher training simulator (DTS) was first proposed by Latimer in 1977, and the first DTS device was developed in the same year. After a large discussion on DTS organized by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in 1978, DTS was rapidly promoted in the power industry. In the 1990s, dynamic simulation and object-oriented techniques were introduced into DTS. Traditional DTS has been unable to meet the needs of the continuously developing smart grid. As artificial intelligence (AI) advances, more intelligent techniques are introduced into DTS, and the intelligent dispatcher training simulator (IDTS) is taking the historical stage. Nico Brose designed the first visualized IDTS in Germany, using software PRINS, which is coupled via a tele-control server with the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) real-time simulation core (with the software PowerFactory) for dynamic grid simulations.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Electromechanics
In engineering, electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate power from a mechanical process (generator) or used to power a mechanical effect (motor). Electrical engineering in this context also encompasses electronics engineering. Electromechanical devices are ones which have both electrical and mechanical processes. Strictly speaking, a manually operated switch is an electromechanical component due to the mechanical movement causing an electrical output. Though this is true, the term is usually understood to refer to devices which involve an electrical signal to create mechanical movement, or vice versa mechanical movement to create an electric signal. Often involving electromagnetic principles such as in relays, which allow a voltage or current to control another, usually isolated circuit voltage or current by mechanically switching sets of contacts, and solenoids, by which a voltage can actuate a moving linkage as in solenoid valves. Before the development of modern electronics, electromechanical devices were widely used in complicated subsystems of parts, including electric typewriters, teleprinters, clocks, initial television systems, and the very early electromechanical digital computers. Solid-state electronics have replaced electromechanics in many applications.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polymer Nanocomposites
PE and PVC Polymer nanocomposites used in underground cables have been of great interest to researchers over the past 10 years.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Information Society, Electronics and AI
This entry presents relations between information society (IS), electronics and artificial intelligence (AI) mainly through twenty-four IS laws. The laws not only make up a novel collection, currently non-existing in the literature, but they also highlight the core boosting mechanism for the progress of what is called the information society and AI. The laws mainly describe the exponential growth in a particular field, be it the processing, storage or transmission capabilities of electronic devices. Other rules describe the relations to production prices and human interaction. Overall, the IS laws illustrate the most recent and most vibrant part of human history based on the unprecedented growth of device capabilities spurred by human innovation and ingenuity. Although there are signs of stalling, at the same time there are still many ways to prolong the fascinating progress of electronics that stimulates the field of artificial intelligence. There are constant leaps in new areas, such as the perception of real-world signals, where AI is already occasionally exceeding human capabilities and will do so even more in the future. In some areas where AI is presumed to be incapable of performing even at a modest level, such as the production of art or programming software, AI is making progress that can sometimes reflect true human skills. Maybe it is time for AI to boost the progress of electronics in return.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
LoRaWAN and SD-WAN Technologies
The existing Emergency Communication Systems use cases and current research directions are discussed regarding the use of unconventional and hybrid methods for establishing communication between a specific site and the outside world.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Distribution System State Estimation Algorithms
The modern energy requirements and the orientation towards Renewable Energy Sources (RES) integration promote the transition of distribution grids from passive, unidirectional, fossil fuel-based into active, bidirectional, environmental-friendly architectures. For this purpose, advanced control algorithms and optimization processes are implemented, the performance of which relies on the Distribution System State Estimation (DSSE). DSSE algorithms provide the Distribution System Operator (DSO) with detailed information regarding the network’s state in order to derive the optimal decisions. However, this task is quite complex as the distribution system has inherent unbalance issues, often faces lack of adequate measurements, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Sequrity aspects in Smart Meters
Smart meters are of the basic elements in the so-called Smart Grid. These devices, connected to the Internet, keep bidirectional communication with other devices in the Smart Grid structure to allow remote readings and maintenance. As any other device connected to a network, smart meters become vulnerable to attacks with different purposes, like stealing data or altering readings. Nowadays, it is becoming more and more popular to buy and plug-and-play smart meters, additionally to those installed by the energy providers, to directly monitor the energy consumption at home. This option inherently entails security risks that are under the responsibility of householders. In this paper, we focus on an open solution based on Smartpi 2.0 devices with two purposes. On the one hand, we propose a network configuration and different data flows to exchange data (energy readings) in the home. These flows are designed to support collaborative among the devices in order to prevent external attacks and attempts of corrupting the data. On the other hand, we check the vulnerability by performing two kind of attacks (denial of service and stealing and changing data by using a malware).
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles
There is a continuous and fast increase in electric vehicles (EVs) adoption in many countries due to the reduction of EVs prices, governments’ incentives and subsidies on EVs, the need for energy independence, and environmental issues. It is expected that EVs will dominate the private cars market in the coming years. These EVs charge their batteries from the power grid and may cause severe effects if not managed properly. On the other hand, they can provide many benefits to the power grid and get revenues for EV owners if managed properly.  This article presents the potential negative impacts of EVs charging on electric power systems mainly due to uncontrolled charging and how through controlled charging and discharging those impacts can be reduced and become even positive impacts through an energy management for electric vehicles.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Utilization of Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a key technology for advancing many fields, including electrical machines. It offers unparalleled design freedom together with low material waste and fast prototyping, which is why it has become to focus of many researchers. AM, known in the consumer space as 3D printing, is a technology with the ability to manufacture practically any object for which a 3D model can be created, without the complexity and specific geometry of the part significantly impacting the manufacturing costs. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Journal Acoustics
Acoustics (ISSN 2624-599X) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of acoustics science and engineering published quarterly online by MDPI. It is indexed by the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) in Web of Science. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 11.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2020).
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Art of Material Jetting
Material jetting (MJ) technology is an additive manufacturing method that selectively cures liquid photopolymer to build functional parts.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Overview of the Development of ZnO-Based Varistors
Voltage surge protection devices (SPDs) or surge arresters rely on metal oxide varistors (MOVs) to safeguard electrical equipment in consumer electronics and industrial electric power systems against the destructive temporary overvoltages (TOVs) resulting from transient switching surges or lightning strikes. The primary function of voltage-sensitive MOVs in SPDs is to prevent the damage caused by high-energy transients by clamping or eliminating them when a surge occurs. These MOVs are mounted in parallel with the components that they are designed to protect.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Collection for Distributed Photovoltaic Data
With the rapid development of distributed photovoltaic systems (DPVS), the shortage of data monitoring devices and the difficulty of comprehensive coverage of measurement equipment has become more significant, bringing great challenges to the efficient management and maintenance of DPVS. Virtual collection is a new DPVS data collection scheme with cost-effectiveness and computational efficiency that meets the needs of distributed energy management but lacks attention and research.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
System Strength Challenges in Australia’s National Electricity Market
The national electricity market (NEM) of Australia is reforming via the rapid uptake of variable renewable energy (VRE) integration concurrent with the retirement of conventional synchronous generation. System strength has emerged as a prominent challenge and constraint to power system stability and ongoing grid connection of VRE such as solar and wind.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Feb 2022
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