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Topic Review
Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping Techniques for Autonomous Vehicles
The advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as well as increasing demand for vehicular safety has led to significant progressions in Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technology. Perception and Localisation are major operations that determine the success of AV development and usage. Therefore, significant research has been carried out to provide AVs with the capabilities to not only sense and understand their surroundings efficiently, but also provide detailed information of the environment in the form of 3D maps. Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (V-SLAM) has been utilised to enable a vehicle understand its surroundings, map the environment, and identify its position within the area.
  • 797
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mobility Management of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
The rapid growth of mobile data traffic will lead to the deployment of Ultra–Dense Networks (UDN) in the near future. Various networks must overlap to meet the massive demands of mobile data traffic, causing an increase in the number of handover scenarios. This will subsequently affect the connectivity, stability, and reliability of communication between mobile and serving networks. The inclusion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)—based networks will create more complex challenges due to different mobility characterizations.
  • 797
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access System
In a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system, the successive interference cancellation (SIC) procedure is typically employed at the receiver side, where several user’s signals are decoded in a subsequent manner. Fading channels may disperse the transmitted signal and originate dependencies among its samples, which may affect the channel estimation procedure and consequently affect the SIC process and signal detection accuracy. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have the capability to adapt to variations in channel between user and base station (BS); therefore, ML is regarded as a strong contender for future radio networks.
  • 795
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Electrically Powered Spacecraft Propulsion
An electrically powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electrical, and possibly also magnetic fields, to change the velocity of a spacecraft. Most of these kinds of spacecraft propulsion systems work by electrically expelling propellant (reaction mass) at high speed. Electric thrusters typically use much less propellant than chemical rockets because they have a higher exhaust speed (operate at a higher specific impulse) than chemical rockets. Due to limited electric power the thrust is much weaker compared to chemical rockets, but electric propulsion can provide thrust for a longer time. Electric propulsion is now a mature and widely used technology on spacecraft. Russia n satellites have used electric propulsion for decades. (As of 2019), over 500 spacecraft operated throughout the Solar System use electric propulsion for station keeping, orbit raising, or primary propulsion. In the future, the most advanced electric thrusters may be able to impart a delta-v of 100 km/s, which is enough to take a spacecraft to the outer planets of the Solar System (with nuclear power), but is insufficient for interstellar travel. An electric rocket with an external power source (transmissible through laser on the photovoltaic panels) has a theoretical possibility for interstellar flight. However, electric propulsion is not suitable for launches from the Earth's surface, as it offers too little thrust. On a journey to Mars, an electrically powered ship might be able to carry 70% of its initial mass to the destination, while a chemical rocket could carry only a few percent.
  • 795
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cyber–Physical System
Seeking to meet the need for the integration of new sources of energy, the entry and integration of new technologies into the grid, global concerns about the environment, diversification of the energy matrix, and the growing consumption of energy, the electrical system is in the process of modernizing its operation, planning, maintenance, communication, management, and control. Therefore, the power system is gradually transforming into SGs, and consequently, the vulnerabilities of this new system become the target of cyberattacks.
  • 795
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Audi E-tron
The Audi e-tron family is a series of electric and hybrid concept cars shown by Audi from 2009 onwards. In 2012 Audi unveiled a plug-in hybrid version, the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, released to retail customers in Europe in August 2014, and slated for the U.S. in 2015.
  • 794
  • 12 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Micro-Grid Communication Protocols and Standards
A microgrid is a comprehensive system that includes energy storage, different energy sources, and loads within a certain boundary. It functions seamlessly, whether it is linked to, or works independently from, the main electrical grid, ensuring a consistent power supply. Microgrids consist of distributed energy resources (DER) and loads, which may be located in one place or spread throughout an electrical distribution network.
  • 793
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Apple Cinema Display
The Apple Cinema Display is a line of flat-panel computer monitors developed and sold by Apple Inc. between 1999 and 2011. It was initially sold alongside the older line of Studio Displays, but eventually replaced them. Apple offered 20-, 22-, 23-, 24-, 27- and 30-inch sizes, with the last model being a 27-inch size with LED backlighting. There have been three designs for the Cinema Display, one featuring polycarbonate plastic and two featuring anodized aluminum. The first displays were designed to match the colorful plastic of the Power Mac G3 and later the Power Mac G4, while the second revisions were designed to match the aluminum aesthetics of the Power Mac G5 and PowerBook G4. The last available design matched the unibody laptops released in October 2008. The Apple Cinema Display name was retired in July 2011 with the introduction of the Apple Thunderbolt Display, and the Cinema Display models were no longer offered on the Apple Store website as of August 2014.
  • 792
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Network Slicing in 5G
As the idea of a new wireless communication standard (5G) started to circulate around the world, there was much speculation regarding its performance, making it necessary to carry out further research by keeping in view the challenges presented by it. 5G is considered a multi-system support network due to its ability to provide benefits to vertical industries.Due to the wide range of devices and applications, it is essential to provide support for massively interconnected devices. Network slicing has emerged as the key technology to meet the requirements of the communications network. In this paper, we present a review of the latest achievements of 5G network slicing by comparing the architecture of The Next Generation Mobile Network Alliance’s (NGMN’s) and 5G-PPP, using the enabling technologies software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV). We then review and discuss machine learning (ML) techniques and their integration with network slicing for beyond 5G networks and elaborate on how ML techniques can be useful for mobility prediction and resource management. Lastly, we propose the use case of network slicing based on ML techniques in a smart seaport environment, which will help to manage the resources more efficiently.
  • 791
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Transformerless Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverter Topology
At present, renewable energies represent 25% of the global power generation capacity. The increase in clean energy facilities is mainly due to the high levels of pollution generated by the burning of fossil fuels to satisfy the growing electricity demand. The global capacity of generating electricity from solar energy has experienced a significant increase, reaching 505 GW in 2018. Today, multilevel inverters are used in PV systems to convert direct current into alternating current. However, the use of multilevel inverters in renewable energies applications presents different challenges; for example, grid-connected systems use a transformer to avoid the presence of leakage currents. The grid-connected systems must meet at least two international standards analyzed in this work: VDE 0126-1-1 and VDE-AR-N 4105, which establish a maximum leakage current of 300 mA and harmonic distortion maximum of 5%. Previously, DC/AC converters have been studied in different industrial applications.
  • 791
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Wearable Sensing Systems
Wearable devices are powerful tools for supporting IoT systems because of their sensing, processing, and communication capability. The term wearable devices cover a wide range of products integrated into clothing and accessories worn by the user and constantly connected to other intelligent electronic systems and the Internet network, allowing the detection, storage, and exchange of data in real-time and without human intervention. Particularly, they allow detection of patients’ vital parameters (e.g., heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation- (SpO2), body temperature, blood pressure (BP), etc.)
  • 790
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Control System of Wind Diesel Hybrid Systems
In regions with high renewable energy sources (RES) potential, hybrid energy systems based on diesel generators (DG) and RES are used providing diesel fuel economy. Wind diesel hybrid systems (WDHS) and wind solar diesel hybrid systems (WSDHS) are mostly widespread. The WDHS control system should select the system’s optimum operation, providing the maximum use of wind power within the whole range of wind speeds and load power. The current algorithms and control methods of WDHS and integrated WT, providing optimal scheduling and diesel fuel economy. WDHS use energy management system (EMS) and algorithms, maintaining frequency and voltage values in the system. WT control systems are used prediction methods of wind turbine (WT) energy generation, algorithms of the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and optimal operation selection. The optimization methods of energy storage systems (ESS) charge/discharge modes are used as well.
  • 790
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is an office within the United States Department of Energy. Formed from other energy agencies after the 1973 energy crisis, EERE is led by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Assistant Secretary), who is appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Kelly Speakes-Backman was appointed Acting Assistant Secretary in January 2021.
  • 786
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
DSSCs are functional and efficient even in diffuse light, therefore they can generate electricity in the morning, evening and even indoors. Even as silicon prices fall and silicon-based photovoltaics become cheaper, DSSCs have great potential as they can be used in additional applications such as indoor and diffuse light. With a variety of fields of application, huge quantities of DSSCs could be produced in the future. With low production costs and no necessity for toxic compounds DSSCs are a potential product, which could circulate in the loops of a circular economy.
  • 785
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Smart Distribution Network Situation Awareness
Due to the rapid development of emerging information and communication technologies (ICT) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), distribution networks are in an evolvement from passive to active distribution networks (ADN), also called smart distribution networks (SDN). Operation and maintenance (O&M) cost is an economic factor that the SDN management must consider. Among multiple O&M technologies, situation awareness (SA) emerges and is gradually integrated into the SDN. Facing a high proportion of RES, adequate monitoring, analysis, and prediction of the SDN operating status are urgent. Therefore, comprehensive SA, which contains detection, comprehension, and projection, becomes a significant guarantee for the optimal operation of SDN.
  • 785
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Control
Microgrids (MGs) are advancing in terms of intelligence, distribution, and flexibility. Electrical grids are being dominated by cutting-edge power electronics and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and this trend may continue for many years to come.
  • 784
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Deep-Learning-Based Channel Estimation Methods
With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, intelligent communication has become one of the mainstream research directions after the fifth generation (5G). In particular, deep learning has emerged as a significant artificial intelligence technology widely applied in the physical layer of wireless communication for achieving intelligent receiving processing. Channel estimation, a crucial component of physical layer communication, is essential for further information recovery. 
  • 780
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
BTI in GaN MIS Transistors
Recent studies on bias-temperature instabilities (BTI) in D- and E-mode GaN transistors are reviewed here, focusing on BTI mechanisms in fully recess-gate E-mode GaN transistors.
  • 779
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Advances on Smart Cities and Smart Buildings
Modern cities are facing the challenge of combining competitiveness on a global city scale and sustainable urban development to become smart cities. A smart city is a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city; competitive and innovative commerce; and an increased quality of life. This Special Issue collects the recent advancements on smart cities and covers different topics and aspects.
  • 774
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Lithium-Ion Cell Temperature Estimation Techniques
A solution is to develop a suitable estimation strategy which led scholars to propose different temperature estimation schemes aiming to establish a balance among accuracy, adaptability, modelling complexity and computational cost. This article presented an exhaustive review of these estimation strategies covering recent developments, current issues, major challenges, and future research recommendations. The prime intention is to provide a detailed guideline to researchers and industries towards developing a highly accurate, intelligent, adaptive, easy-to-implement and computationally efficient online temperature estimation strategy applicable to health-conscious fast charging and smart onboard BMS. Full Paper:https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185960
  • 773
  • 08 Oct 2021
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