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Topic Review
Prevent and Treat Oral Mucositis
Oral Mucositis, a debilitating side effect of radio and chemotherapy for head and neck cancers, involves inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the oral cavity. This condition often leads to severe pain, difficulty in eating, and compromised quality of life for cancer patients. The use of natural compounds such as polyphenols has shown promise in preventing and alleviating Oral Mucositis as they possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing properties, capable of mitigating the adverse effects of chemo and radiotherapy on the oral mucosa.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Airway Structural Changes in Asthma
Increased airway wall thickness and remodeling of bronchial mucosa are characteristic of asthma and may arise from altered integrin signaling on airway cells. Here, we analyzed the expression of β1-subfamily integrins on blood and airway cells (flow cytometry), inflammatory biomarkers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage, reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickness and collagen deposits in the mucosa (histology), and airway geometry (CT-imaging) in 92 asthma patients (persistent airflow limitation subtype: n=47) and 36 controls. Persistent airflow limitation was associated with type-2 inflammation, elevated soluble α2 integrin chain, and changes in the bronchial wall geometry. Both subtypes of asthma showed thicker RBM than control, but collagen deposition and epithelial α1 and α2 integrins staining were similar. Type-I collagen accumulation and RBM thickness were inversely related to the epithelial expression of the α2 integrin chain. Expression of α2β1 integrin on T-cells and eosinophils was not altered in asthma. Collagen I deposits were, however, more abundant in patients with lower α2β1 integrin on blood and airway CD8+ T-cells. Thicker airway walls in CT were associated with lower α2 integrin chain on blood CD4+ T-cells and airway eosinophils. Our data suggest that α2β1 integrin on inflammatory and epithelial cells may protect against airway remodeling advancement in asthma.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Rectal Cancer
The response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) is a critical step in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients. Only a minority of LARC patients responds completely to neoadjuvant treatments, thus avoiding invasive radical surgical resection. Moreover, toxic side effects can adversely affect patients’ survival. The difficulty in separating in advances responder from non-responder patients affected by LARC highlights the need for valid biomarkers that guide clinical decision-making. In this context, circulating tumor biomarkers (i.e., microRNAs, circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids), as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with miRNAs (miR-SNPs)) seem to be promising candidates for predicting LARC prognosis and/or therapy response.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cachexia
Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by body weight loss, declining muscle mass and function, wasting, and inflammation of adipose tissues accompanied by metabolic disarrangement, anorexia, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance. Cachexia is associated with several acute and chronic disease states such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart and kidney failure, and acquired and autoimmune diseases and also pharmacological treatments such as chemotherapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hedgehog Signaling during Nerve Healing
The peripheral nervous has important regenerative capacities that regulate and restore peripheral nerve homeostasis. Following peripheral nerve injury, the nerve undergoes a highly regulated degeneration and regeneration process, called Wallerian degeneration, where numerous cell populations interact to allow proper nerve regeneration. Recent studies have evidenced the prominent role of morphogenetic Hedgehog signaling pathway and its main effectors, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH) in the regenerative drive following nerve injury. Furthermore, dysfunctional regeneration and/or dysfunctional Hedgehog signaling participate in the development of chronic neuropathic pain that sometimes accompanies nerve healing in the clinical context. Understanding the implications of this key signaling pathway could provide exciting new perspectives for future research on peripheral nerve healing.  
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Insulin Resistance and NAFLD development
Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which insulin action is altered. In metabolic terms, IR represents the inability of a fixed amount of insulin to metabolize a known amount of glucose in an individual as compared to the general population. 
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Management of Achalasia
Achalasia is a rare neurodegenerative disorder causing dysphagia and is characterized by abnormal esophageal motor function as well as the loss of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation. The assessment and management of achalasia has significantly progressed in recent years due to the advances in high-resolution manometry (HRM) technology along with the improvements and innovations of therapeutic endoscopy procedures. The recent evolution of HRM technology with the inclusion of an adjunctive test, fluoroscopy, and EndoFLIP has enabled more precise diagnoses of achalasia to be made and the subgrouping into therapeutically meaningful subtypes.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
N-Glycans’ Effect on Pathologic Protein Conformations in Disease
Glycosylation, a prevalent post-translational modification, plays a pivotal role in regulating intricate cellular processes by covalently attaching glycans to macromolecules. Dysregulated glycosylation is linked to a spectrum of diseases, encompassing cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, congenital disorders, infections, and inflammation. Considering the allosteric effects of N-glycans in regulating protein conformation, with potential implications for its assembly and function, it is of no surprise that dysregulated N-glycosylation has been implicated in several disease-associated human proteins. Furthermore, these glycans may play a pivotal role in modulating the conformation of pathogen-associated proteins, influencing their infectivity within human cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neonatal Screening for MPS Disorders
Newborn screening enables the diagnosis of treatable disorders at the early stages, and because of its countless benefits, conditions have been continuously added to screening panels, allowing early intervention, aiming for the prevention of irreversible manifestations and even premature death. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage disorders than can benefit from an early diagnosis, and thus are being recommended for newborn screening. They are multisystemic progressive disorders, with treatment options already available for several MPS types. MPS I was the first MPS disorder enrolled in the newborn screening (NBS) panel in the USA and a few other countries, and other MPS types are expected to be added. Very few studies about NBS for MPS in Latin America have been published so far.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The HSC Niche in β-thalassemia and SCD
Hemoglobinopathies are inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin (Hb) production, estimated to be the most common monogenic diseases worldwide. In the last decade, research on pathophysiology and therapeutic solutions for β-thalassemia (BThal) and sickle cell disease (SCD) has been mostly focused on the primary erythroid defect, thus neglecting the study of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The quality and engraftment of HSCs depend on the BM microenvironment, influencing the outcome of HSC transplantation (HSCT) both in allogeneic and in autologous gene therapy settings. In BThal and SCD, the consequences of severe anemia alter erythropoiesis and cause chronic stress in different organs, including the BM. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of TBI Associated Sleep Dysfunction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity in the United States and is associated with numerous chronic sequelae long after the point of injury. One of the most common long-term complaints in patients with TBI is sleep dysfunction. It is reported that alterations in melatonin follow TBI and may be linked with various sleep and circadian disorders directly (via cellular signaling) or indirectly (via free radicals and inflammatory signaling). 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Serotoninergic System in Brain Disorders
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a biogenic monoamine acting as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), local mediator in the gut, a mitogen factor, and vasoactive agent in the blood. It has been linked to a variety of CNS functions and is implicated in many CNS and psychiatric disorders. The high comorbidity between some neuropathies can be partially understood by the fact that these diseases share a common etiology involving the serotoninergic system. The developing CNS of fetus and newborn is particularly susceptible to environmental pollutants, and perinatal exposure could result in the later development of brain disorders.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
OSA is a major primary sleep disorder characterized by repetitive nocturnal complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea), collapses of the upper airway during sleep accompanied by oxyhemoglobin desaturation and/or electroencephalography (EEG) and vegetative arousals. Nocturnal OSA symptoms include sleep fragmentation, diminished amounts of slow wave and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, nocturia and insomnia. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Characterization of MTUT
Muellerian-type tumors of the urinary tract (MTUT) were implemented in the 2016 WHO classification as an entity comprising clear cell adenocarcinomas (CCAs) and endometrioid adenocarcinomas (EAs) of the bladder/urinary tract . The histologically clear cell tumors were initially described as mesonephric adenocarcinomas by Konnak in 1973 and re-named as clear cell adenocarcinomas in 1985 by Young and Scully.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Subjects
Endothelial Dysfunction is a condition of altered metabolism and function of endothelium inducing vascular injury and defective repair.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Individualized Hemodynamic Management in Sepsis
Hemodynamic optimization remains the cornerstone of resuscitation in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Delay or inadequate management will inevitably lead to hypoperfusion, tissue hypoxia or edema, and fluid overload, leading eventually to multiple organ failure, seriously affecting outcomes. According to a large international survey (FENICE study), physicians frequently use inadequate indices to guide fluid management in intensive care units. Goal-directed and “restrictive” infusion strategies have been recommended by guidelines over “liberal” approaches for several years. Unfortunately, these “fixed regimen” treatment protocols neglect the patient’s individual needs, and what is shown to be beneficial for a given population may not be so for the individual patient. However, applying multimodal, contextualized, and personalized management could potentially overcome this problem.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in AD
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and the sixth cause of death in the world, constituting a major health problem for aging societies. This disease is a neurodegenerative continuum with well-established pathology hallmarks, namely the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in extracellular plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated forms of the microtubule associated protein tau forming neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), accompanied by neuronal and synaptic loss. Interestingly, patients who will eventually develop AD manifest brain pathology decades before clinical symptoms appear. Among all the proposed pathogenic mechanisms to understand the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), increased oxidative stress seems to be a robust and early disease feature where many of those hypotheses converge. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MYCN and Metabolic Reprogramming in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer responsible for approximately 15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Aberrant MYCN activation, as a result of genomic MYCN amplification, is a major driver of high-risk neuroblastoma, which has an overall survival rate of less than 50%, despite the best treatments currently available. Metabolic reprogramming is an integral part of the growth-promoting program driven by MYCN, which fuels cell growth and proliferation by increasing the uptake and catabolism of nutrients, biosynthesis of macromolecules, and production of energy. This reprogramming process also generates metabolic vulnerabilities that can be exploited for therapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules essential for cell signaling and immune defense. However, excessive ROS production leads to oxidative stress, damaging DNA, proteins, and lipids, and contributing to diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. Balancing ROS and antioxidants is crucial for cellular health and homeostasis.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Aug 2024
Topic Review
FeNO analysis in IPF
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a non-invasive and reproducible biomarker that has demonstrated an interesting potential for differential diagnosis and prognostic estimation of patients affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In particular, alveolar concentration of nitric oxide appeared to be a reliable indicator of severity of lung fibrosis and proved its efficacy in the early detection of patients with a fast progression of disease. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a well-known and widely accepted biomarker of airways inflammation in asthmatic patients. Recent evidences underlined the potential value of an extended analysis of FeNO, including a multiple-flows assessment, as a useful tool for the management of patients with interstitial lung However, the multiple-flows assessment of FeNO can provide a reliable measurement of bronchial and alveolar production of NO, supporting its potential value as biomarker also in peripheral lung diseases, such as interstitial lung diseases (ILD). The possibility to measure a biomarker of airway inflammation with a non-invasive, reproducible and economic technique led to the development of exhaled NO analyzers able to measure the NO burden in the airways. The procedure for the quantification of FeNO was standardized in 2005 [1]. To provide a more accurate evaluation of NO dynamics in distal airways and alveolar space, an extended analysis of FeNO has been proposed and the last technical standard document by ERS officially endorsed this procedure for future research[2]. Here, we performed a systematic review of literature in order to report all the available evidences concerning the rationale and the potential usefulness of extended FeNO analysis in the clinical management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Sep 2020
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