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Topic Review
Biocidal Action of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapour and Mechanism
Disinfection is described as a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, with the exception of bacterial endospores. Disinfection is usually carried out by chemical or physical means. Among other settings, disinfection is of utmost importance in hospital environments due to pathogens living on hospital surfaces being the direct cause for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). However, the presence of a wide range of pathogens and biofilms, combined with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, presents infection control teams in healthcare facilities with ongoing challenges in the selection of biocides and application methods. This necessitates the development of biocides and innovative disinfection methods that overcome the shortcomings of conventional methods. The use of hydrogen peroxide vapour to be a superior alternative to conventional methods. Hydrogen peroxide vapour to be very close to an ideal disinfectant due to its proven efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms, safety to use, lack of toxicity concerns and good material compatibility.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota as a Contributor to Chronic Inflammation
The gut microbiota is a crucial factor in maintaining homeostasis. The presence of commensal microorganisms leads to the stimulation of the immune system and its maturation. In turn, dysbiosis with an impaired intestinal barrier leads to accelerated contact of microbiota with the host’s immune cells. Microbial structural parts, i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flagellin (FLG), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce inflammation via activation of pattern recognition receptors. Microbial metabolites can also develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is the cause of many metabolic diseases. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Venom-Derived Peptides
Peptides are potential therapeutic alternatives against global diseases, such as antimicrobial-resistant infections and cancer. Venoms are a rich source of bioactive peptides that have evolved over time to act on specific targets of the prey. Peptides are one of the main components responsible for the biological activity and toxicity of venoms. South American organisms such as scorpions, snakes, and spiders are important producers of a myriad of peptides with different biological activities.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Antibiofilm Therapeutics Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
Biofilms embrace the capability to resist and survive harsh environmental conditions and defeat the host immune system, so there is a desire for exploring new antibiofilm agents. Antibiofilm agents that can abet the process of dismantling the biofilm has provided research strategies for designing new biofilm dispersal inducers.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Weissella Genus: Clinically Treatable Bacteria
Weissella is a genus earlier considered a member of the family Leuconostocaceae, which was reclassified into the family Lactobacillaceae in 1993. There have been studies emphasizing the probiotic and anti-inflammatory potential of various species of Weissella, of which W. confusa and W. cibaria are the most representative. Other species within this genus include: W. paramesenteroides, W. viridescens, W. halotolerans, W. minor, W. kandleri, W. soli, W. ghanensis, W. hellenica, W. thailandensis, W. fabalis, W. cryptocerci, W. koreensis, W. beninensis, W. fabaria, W. oryzae, W. ceti, W. uvarum, W. bombi, W. sagaensis, W. kimchi, W. muntiaci, W. jogaejeotgali, W. coleopterorum, W. hanii, W. salipiscis, and W. diestrammenae.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Yersiniabactin and Yersinopine
The pathogenic anaerobic bacteria Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis), which is well known as the plague causative agent, has the ability to escape or inhibit innate immune system responses, which can result in host death even before the activation of adaptive responses. Yersinia pestis produces two metallophores: yersiniabactin, for iron chelation (siderophore), and an opine type metallophore called yersinopine.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Engineering of Wine Strain
The adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is a technique of strain optimization that assumes serial or continuous culturing of a particular yeast strain for many generations under selective pressure, such as high ethanol content, high osmolarity etc., thus directing the accumulation of mutants with desired phenotype. As compared to stochastic and laborious CSI techniques, ALE methods are more targeted and convenient . The power of this approach towards optimizing wine yeast is exemplified by generation of strains with altered production of important metabolites (ethanol, glycerol, succinic, and acetic acid) and more rapid sugar utilization, strains with increased sulfite tolerance and glycerol accumulation, strains with improved resistance towards KCL-induced osmotic stress with increased glycerol and reduced ethanol content, as well as enhanced viability and resveratrol production.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Caseinolytic Protease Protease Families
Bacterial proteases participate in the proteolytic elimination of misfolded or aggregated proteins, carried out by members of the AAA+ protein superfamily such as Hsp100/Clp (heat shock protein-100/caseinolytic protease), Lon, and FtsH. It is estimated that the Clp and Lon families perform around 80% of cellular proteolysis in bacteria. The HSP100/Clp family of ATPases plays crucial roles in the folding, assembly, and degradation of proteins during normal growth and, mainly, under stress-inducing conditions. This family is formed by several ATPase chaperones and the peptidase ClpP (caseinolytic protease proteolytic subunit).
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Phytopathogenic Xanthomonads
Xanthomonads, members of the family Xanthomonadaceae, are economically important plant pathogenic bacteria responsible for infections of over 400 plant species. Bacteriophage-based biopesticides can provide an environmentally friendly, effective solution to control these bacteria. Bacteriophage-based biocontrol has important advantages over chemical pesticides, and treatment with these biopesticides is a minor intervention into the microflora. However, bacteriophages’ agricultural application has limitations rooted in these viruses’ biological properties as active substances. These disadvantageous features, together with the complicated registration process of bacteriophage-based biopesticides, means that there are few products available on the market. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli
Shiga toxins (Stx) of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are generally encoded in the genome of lambdoid bacteriophages, which spend the most time of their life cycle integrated as prophages in specific sites of the bacterial chromosome. Upon spontaneous induction or induction by chemical or physical stimuli, the stx genes are co-transcribed together with the late phase genes of the prophages. After being assembled in the cytoplasm, and after host cell lysis, mature bacteriophage particles are released into the environment, together with Stx. As members of the group of lambdoid phages, Stx phages share many genetic features with the archetypical temperate phage Lambda, but are heterogeneous in their DNA sequences due to frequent recombination events. In addition to Stx phages, the genome of pathogenic STEC bacteria may contain numerous prophages, which are either cryptic or functional. These prophages may carry foreign genes, some of them related to virulence, besides those necessary for the phage life cycle.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Co-Inoculation of three species
The adoption of multi-species starter cultures is highly considered in modern winemaking to enhance the complexity and wine attributes. However, the valuation of strains compatibility at the industrial-scale is essential to guarantee the quality and the safety during the process. This concept is particularly important when the starter is composed of non-Saccharomyces, Saccharomyces spp. and malolactic bacteria, three organisms with dissimilar biological properties and oenological implication.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Structure of Diphtheria Toxin
Only three Corynebacterium species are known to produce a lethal exotoxin called diphtheria toxin. These are C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aeromonas spp.
Aeromonas a Gram-negative bacillus, positive for oxidase and catalase tests, a glucose fermenter, and it is resistant to vibriostatic O/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine). In humans, it can cause intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. It is important in the medical area, mainly in patients with diarrhea, or with infections in the skin and soft tissue; moreover, it can cause bacteremia, which progresses to sepsis, or endocarditis.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Role of Spermidine in Human Pathogenic Viruses Infection
The triamine spermidine is a key metabolite of the polyamine pathway. It plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases caused by viral or parasitic infections. Spermidine and its metabolizing enzymes, i.e., spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase, spermine oxidase, acetyl polyamine oxidase, and deoxyhypusine synthase, fulfill common functions during infection in parasitic protozoa and viruses which are obligate, intracellular parasites. The competition for this important polyamine between the infected host cell and the pathogen determines the severity of infection in disabling human parasites and pathogenic viruses.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Natural Milk Microbiota
Profound bioactivities of raw breastmilk include benefits attributed to the dense and diverse natural microbiota, termed natural microbiota hereafter. Infants benefit from breastfeeding not just nutritionally, but by both ‘seeding and feeding’ the infant gut , providing microbes that seed the naïve gastrointestinal (GI or gut) ecosystem and nutritive components that feed both infant and microbial cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Rhodococci
Rhodococci are relatively new objects of environmental and industrial biotechnologies. Their metabolic potential for biodegradation and inactivation of complex pollutants, in addition to their mechanisms of stress resistance, are far from being exhausted. However, one should be conscious that some members of this genus are pathogens, and their number is gradually expanding, which clearly limits the practical application of rhodococci.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nanocellulose-Based Membrane Filtration Material
Nanocellulose is among the emerging materials of this century and several studies have proven its use in filtering microbes. Its high specific surface area enables the adsorption of various microbial species, and its innate porosity can separate various molecules and retain microbial objects.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Heme-Copper Oxidases with Nitrite and Nitric Oxide
Nitrite and nitric oxide (NO), two active and critical nitrogen oxides linking nitrate to dinitrogen gas in the broad nitrogen biogeochemical cycle, are capable of interacting with redox-sensitive proteins. The interactions of both with heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) serve as the foundation not only for the enzymatic interconversion of nitrogen oxides but also for the inhibitory activity.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), or EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC/2012), is a novel positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Betacoronavirus. Initially called novel coronavirus 2012 or simply novel coronavirus, it was first reported in 2012 after genome sequencing of a virus isolated from sputum samples from a person who fell ill in a 2012 outbreak of a new flu. As of July 2015, MERS-CoV cases have been reported in over 21 countries, including Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Qatar, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Turkey, Oman, Algeria, Bangladesh, Indonesia (none were confirmed), Austria, the United Kingdom, South Korea, the United States, Mainland China, Thailand, and the Philippines. MERS-CoV is one of several viruses identified by WHO as a likely cause of a future epidemic. They list it for urgent research and development.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Obesity Prevalence
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gut microbiota on the prevalence of obesity and associated morbidities, taking into consideration underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition to exploring the relationship between obesity and fecal microorganisms with their metabolites, the study also focused on the factors that would be able to stimulate growth and remodeling of microbiota.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jan 2022
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