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Topic Review
Nanotechnology Therapy for Alzheimer′s Disease
Nanotechnology (NT) enables a new, alternative pathway for development of AD treatment interventions in human. At present, the NT treatments for attenuation of AD memory impairment are at the animal model stage. They are faced with the twin challenges of the nature of AD: a chronic impairment unique to human and the incomplete understanding of AD′s aetiology. 
  • 895
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Natural Antibacterial Surfaces
In nature, many organisms have evolved a myriad of surfaces with specific physicochemical properties to combat bacteria in diverse environments.
  • 895
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Virus-Incorporated Biomimetic Nanocomposites
Owing to the astonishing properties of non-harmful viruses, tissue regeneration using virus-based biomimetic materials has been an emerging trend recently. The selective peptide expression and enrichment of the desired peptide on the surface, monodispersion, self-assembly, and ease of genetic and chemical modification properties have allowed viruses to take a long stride in biomedical applications. 
  • 894
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Electrospun Coaxial Fibers
Electrospinning is a common method for fabricating drug-loaded fibers. The working fluid is gradually stretched into elongated solid fibers with the help of electrostatic force. Due to the influence of polymers, solvents, and other external conditions, the diameter of fibers usually varies from tens of nanometers to several micrometers. During this process, the drug is immobilized on the homogeneous fiber without destroying its own active molecular structure. Electrospun fibers have several advantages over other drug delivery systems. The high specific surface area of ​​fibers facilitates drug dissolution. The desired drug dissolution process can be tailored according to the composition and structure of the fibers, thereby manipulating the controlled dissolution of the drug.
  • 889
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chemical Modification of Cellulose
Cellulose is a widely studied natural polymer due to its availability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and ease of chemical modification. Currently, cellulose has many applications in science and technology, but it has vast relevance in biomedical applications, such as a protective coating for wound dressing in skin burns, and injuries to avoid bacterial infections. This chapter describes some properties of cellulose such as structure, and biocompatibility. Besides this chapter also describes some methods used to endow cellulose with antimicrobial activity by means of the addition of biocidal groups as N-halamines, quaternary ammonium salts, nanoparticles, enzymes, or through the incorporation of antibiotics for controlled drug delivery.
  • 884
  • 17 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Decellularized Extracellular Matrix from Different Sources
The decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is capable of promoting stem cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. It is a promising biomaterial for application and clinical translation in the field of periodontal tissue engineering as it most effectively preserves the complex array of ECM components as they are in native tissue, providing ideal cues for regeneration and repair of damaged periodontal tissue. dECMs of different origins have different advantages and characteristics in promoting the regeneration of periodontal tissue. dECM can be used directly or dissolved in liquid for better flowability.
  • 882
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Calcium Orthophosphate-Based Bioceramics
Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A short time later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. During the past, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the CaPO4-based implants would remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they would be resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed, and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now, CaPO4-based scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are usually porous and harbor various biomolecules and/or cells.
  • 881
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Metal-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Films
This entry opens up a discussion on a new method of the functionalization of silica thin films with metal ions inside pores. The main idea of this method is based on the fact, that it is possible to finely tune the functionalization level by controlling the co-condensation procedure, notably the ratio of the ordinary silica source (usually tetraethyl orthosilicate) and silica source with the attached functional groups (for example, (3-cyanopropyl)triethoxysilane) in the synthesis medium. Depending on the ratio of these two components during the synthesis route, the number of functional groups in the final film - and the amount of further adsorbed on them (or their derivatives) metal ions - can be precisely controlled. 
  • 879
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
UV and UV-vis Irradiation on Microalgae and Macroalgae
Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, and Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) derived from microalgae may play a vital role in the bio and non-bio sectors. Currently, commercial sunscreens contain chemicals such as oxybenzone and octinoxate, which have harmful effects on the environment and human health; while microalgae-based sunscreens emerge as an eco-friendly alternative to provide photo protector agents against solar radiation. Algae-based exploration ranges from staple foods to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biomedical applications.
  • 877
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Calcium Phosphate Cements as Carriers of Functional Substances
Interest in calcium phosphate cements as materials for the restoration and treatment of bone tissue defects is still high. Despite commercialization and use in the clinic, the calcium phosphate cements have great potential for development. Existing approaches to the production of calcium phosphate cements as drugs are analyzed. 
  • 874
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pre-Clinical Evidence of Biodegradable Osteosynthesis Systems
A biodegradable osteosynthesis system should meet two intertwined criteria to be used as an osteosynthesis system: (1) the biomaterial needs to be biocompatible with the host tissue and (2) the mechanical properties should be sufficient for stable fixation of fracture or osteotomy segments during the surgical procedure (primary stability) and during the degradation of the biomaterial, with a gradual transfer of stress to the healing bone
  • 872
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biomedical Alloys and Physical Surface Modifications
Biomedical alloys are essential parts of modern biomedical applications. However, they cannot satisfy the increasing requirements for large-scale production owing to the degradation of metals. Physical surface modification could be an effective way to enhance their biofunctionality.
  • 871
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Beta Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications
β-Ti alloys have long been investigated and applied in the biomedical field due to their exceptional mechanical properties, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Metastable β-Ti alloys have garnered interest in the realm of biomaterials owing to their notably low elastic modulus. Nevertheless, the inherent correlation between a low elastic modulus and relatively reduced strength persists, even in the case of metastable β-Ti alloys. Enhancing the strength of alloys contributes to improving their fatigue resistance, thereby preventing an implant material from failure in clinical usage. 
  • 870
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Materials Based on Cellulose Fibers and Foam Forming
The potential of foam-formed materials based on cellulose fibers (CF) has been harnessed in the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally friendly materials and has gained significant attention. Indeed, foam-formed materials based on CF have emerged as a promising solution. By combining the inherent properties of CF with the unique characteristics of foam-forming, these materials offer a wide range of applications and demonstrate great potential in various industries.
  • 867
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Poly(Propylene Carbonate)
Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) is an emerging “carbon fixation” polymer that holds the potential to become a “biomaterial of choice” in healthcare owing to its good biocompatibility, tunable biodegradability and safe degradation products. Several physical, chemical and biological modifications of PPC have been achieved by introducing biocompatible polymers, inorganic ions or small molecules, which can endow PPC with better cytocompatibility and desirable biodegradability, and thus enable various applications. Indeed, a variety of PPC-based degradable materials have been used in medical applications including medical masks, surgical gowns, drug carriers, wound dressings, implants and scaffolds. 
  • 866
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Fibrin Scaffolds for Cartilage Repair
Articular cartilage is a highly organized tissue that provides remarkable load-bearing and low friction properties, allowing for smooth movement of diarthrodial joints; however, due to the avascular, aneural, and non-lymphatic characteristics of cartilage, joint cartilage has self-regeneration and repair limitations. Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising alternative for chondral defect repair.
  • 864
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
CrkL during Bone Remodeling
Coupled signaling between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts is crucial to the maintenance of bone homeostasis. We previously reported that v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CrkL), which belongs to the Crk family of adaptors, inhibits bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-mediated osteoblast differentiation, while enhancing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether CrkL can also regulate the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, facilitating bone homeostasis. Osteoblastic CrkL strongly decreased RANKL expression through its inhibition of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) transcription. Reduction in RANKL expression by CrkL in osteoblasts resulted in the inhibition of not only osteoblast-dependent osteoclast differentiation but also osteoclast-dependent osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that CrkL participates in the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts via its regulation of RANKL expression. Therefore, CrkL bifunctionally regulates osteoclast differentiation through both a direct and indirect mechanism while it inhibits osteoblast differentiation through its blockade of both BMP2 and RANKL reverse signaling pathways. Collectively, these data suggest that CrkL is involved in bone homeostasis, where it helps to regulate the complex interactions of the osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their coupling signals.
  • 859
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterial Shape Influence on Cells
Nanomaterials are proven to affect the biological activity of mammalian and microbial cells profoundly. It has been revealed that the shape of the nanomaterial plays a crucial role. This entry reviews the influence of nanomaterial shape on various biological activities of mammalian and microbial cells, such as proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism.  
  • 854
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Cancers Immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy becomes an important tactic for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy of cancer must activate the host’s anti-tumor response by enhancing the innate immune system and the effector cell number, while, minimizing the host’s suppressor mechanisms. However, many immunotherapies are still limited by poor therapeutic targeting and unwanted side effects. Hence, a deeper understanding of tumor immunology and antitumor immune responses is essential for further improvement of cancer immunotherapy.
  • 853
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Property-Dependent Applications of Melanin
Melanin is among the most important natural pigments produced by various organisms, from microbes to plants and mammals. Melanins possess great properties such as radioprotective and antioxidant activity, heavy metal chelation and absorption of organic compounds. Melanin constitutes a complex polymer that can be exploited in multiple biotechnological, medicinal, and environmental sectors due to its unique properties of radioprotection, antioxidant activity, chelation of heavy metals and absorption of organic compounds.
  • 847
  • 09 May 2023
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