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Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications for Oncolytic Self-Replicating RNA Viruses
Self-replicating RNA viruses have become attractive delivery vehicles for therapeutic applications. They are easy to handle, can be rapidly produced in large quantities, and can be delivered as recombinant viral particles, naked or nanoparticle-encapsulated RNA, or plasmid DNA-based vectors. The self-replication of RNA in infected host cells provides the means for generating much higher transgene expression levels and the possibility to apply substantially reduced amounts of RNA to achieve similar expression levels or immune responses compared to conventional synthetic mRNA. Alphaviruses and flaviviruses, possessing a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity, as well as measles viruses and rhabdoviruses with a negative-stranded RNA genome. Particularly, oncolytic self-replicating RNA viruses have demonstrated tumor growth inhibition, tumor eradication and cure in animal tumor models. Stable disease and prolonged overall survival have been reported from clinical trials with oncolytic self-replicating RNA viruses. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
TENG-Based Self-Powered Neuroprosthetics
TENG-Based Self-Powered Neuroprosthetics is a neuroprosthetic system using a triboelectric nanogenerator as the power source to generator the current pulses required for neural stimulations. The thin-film triboelectric nanogenerator can be attached onto the heart or buried under the skin to convert the mechanical energy from the movement of organs, such as heart beat, or the hand tapping onto the skin to electrical current pulses. This system is promising to realize a fully self-powered neural modulation with much reduced device complexity. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Marine Macroalgae as Inhibitors of Fungal Phytopathogens
Fungal phytopathogens are a growing problem all over the world; their propagation causes significant crop losses, affecting the quality of fruits and vegetables, diminishing the availability of food, leading to the loss of billions of euros every year. To control fungal diseases, the use of synthetic chemical fungicides is widely applied; these substances are, however, environmentally damaging. Marine algae, one of the richest marine sources of compounds possessing a wide range of bioactivities, present an eco-friendly alternative in the search for diverse compounds with industrial applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microfluidics for 3D Cell and Tissue Cultures
Traditional cell cultures are performed in two-dimensional (2D) systems such as Petri dishes, multiwell plates or flasks. However, they cannot realistically mimic the morphophysiological complexity of the original three-dimensional (3D) in vivo environment from which the cells of specific lines originate. Without opposing animal experimentation but promoting its responsible application, the development of alternative cell culture systems tries to ensure compliance with the 3R principles. Reduction (reduction in the animals used for in vivo tests), Refinement (experimental design optimization to limit stress and affliction to laboratory animals) and Replacement (total or partial replacement of animal testing with alternative valid methods) are increasingly desired and strongly recommended as fundamental ethical aspects in the use of animals in scientific experiments.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Microalgae Biodiesel
Microalgae are a diverse group of prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic unicellular organisms. More than 50,000 microalgal species live in various environmental conditions, including water domains such as streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, and terrestrial ecosystems. Microalgae are regarded as a promising source of biodiesel. In contrast with conventional crops currently used to produce commercial biodiesel, microalgae can be cultivated on non-arable land, besides having a higher growth rate and productivity. However, microalgal biodiesel is not yet regarded as economically competitive, compared to fossil fuels and crop-based biodiesel; therefore, it is not commercially produced.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Endophytes Acting on Secondary Metabolites in Plants
Endophytes, which are widely found in host plants and have no harmful effects, are a vital biological resource. Plant endophytes promote plant growth and enhance plants’ resistance to diseases, pests, and environmental stresses. In addition, they enhance the synthesis of important secondary metabolites in plants and improve the potential applicability of plants in agriculture, medicine, food, and horticulture. Secondary metabolites (SMs) are the products formed by interactions with the environment during plant growth and development. SMs mainly include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, peptides, phenols, sterols, and additional minor molecular organic compounds. As essential substances used by plants for self-protection to cope with their environment, SMs have various physiological functions, such as regulating plant growth and biological defense, and they are also involved in the plant response abiotic stresses, such as drought, low temperature, salinity, and metals
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Entomopathogenic Fungi in Mosquito Biocontrol
Fungal diseases are widespread among insects and play a crucial role in naturally regulating insect populations. Mosquitoes, known as vectors for numerous infectious diseases, pose a significant threat to human health. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have emerged as highly promising alternative agents to chemical mosquitocides for controlling mosquitoes at all stages of their life cycle due to their unique infection pathway through direct contact with the insect’s cuticle.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Glycoside Hydrolases and Glycosyltransferases from Hyperthermophilic Archaea
Hyperthermophilic Archaea colonizing unnatural habitats of extremes conditions such as volcanoes and deep-sea hydrothermal vents represent an unmeasurable bioresource for enzymes used in various industrial applications. Their enzymes show distinct structural and functional properties and are resistant to extreme conditions of temperature and pressure where their mesophilic homologs fail. In this review, we will outline carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) from hyperthermophilic Archaea with specific focus on the two largest families, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). We will present the latest advances on these enzymes particularly in the light of novel accumulating data from genomics and metagenomics sequencing technologies. We will discuss the contribution of these enzymes from hyperthermophilic Archaea to industrial applications and put the emphasis on newly identifed enzymes. We will highlight their common biochemical and distinct features. Finally, we will overview the areas that remain to be explored to identify novel promising hyperthermozymes.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Circulating microRNAs in Medicine
Circulating microRNAs (c-microRNAs, c-miRNAs), which are in almost all biological fluids, are promising sensitive biomarkers for various diseases (oncological and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, etc.), and their signatures accurately reflect the state of the body. The discovery of microRNAs was a scientific breakthrough, and the study of their functional potential opened up the possibility of influencing protein synthesis at the gene level. Moreover, microRNAs of this class are highly sensitive biomarkers of various diseases, allowing not only to detect a disease at early asymptomatic stages, but also to predict therapeutic efficacy.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metabolites of Aspergillus nidulans and Their Bioactivities
Fungi serve as a depository of fascinating, structurally unique metabolites with considerable therapeutic significance. Aspergillus genus represents one of the most prolific genera of filamentous fungi. Aspergillus nidulans Winter G. is a well-known and plentiful source of bioactive metabolites with abundant structural diversity, including terpenoids, benzophenones, sterols, alkaloids, xanthones, and polyketides, many of which display various bioactivities, such as cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial activities. 
  • 1.0K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy
Label-free microscopy methods rely on photophysical processes to generate signals through specific interactions with biological molecules and offer great potential for basic research and clinical applications.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Communities Associated with Roots of Typha spp.
Heavy metal pollution is a severe concern worldwide, owing to its harmful effects on ecosystems. Phytoremediation has been applied to remove heavy metals from water, soils, and sediments by using plants and associated microorganisms to restore contaminated sites. The Typha genus is one of the most important genera used in phytoremediation strategies because of its rapid growth rate, high biomass production, and the accumulation of heavy metals in its roots. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have attracted much attention because they exert biochemical activities that improve plant growth, tolerance, and the accumulation of heavy metals in plant tissues. Because of their beneficial effects on plants, some studies have identified bacterial communities associated with the roots of Typha species growing in the presence of heavy metals. 
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Optical Microscopy
Optical microscopy is a rapidly developing and widely used technique in life sciences such as biochemistry, biophysics, toxicology, genetics, and immunology. It is subdivided into two principal fields: Wide-field and laser scanning microscopy (LSM) with numerous individual techniques and applications.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Bergamotane Sesquiterpenoids
Bergamotane sesquiterpenoids are an uncommon class of terpenoids. They possess diverse biological properties, such as plant growth regulation, phototoxic, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, cytotoxic, pancreatic lipase inhibition, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive traits.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Serine Integrases in Synthetic Biology
Serine integrases are emerging as one of the most powerful biological tools for biotechnology. With the fast development of synthetic biology, serine integrases have been used as one of the powerful genetic tools with their unique features of site-specific, orthogonality, irreversibility, high affinity, and high efficiency. Serine integrases are widely used in diverse ways, including genome engineering, biological part and genetic circuit design, and DNA assembly. Moreover, serine integrases also advance multidisciplinary research such as chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, and biomedical engineering.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Urine Peptidome
Urine is perhaps, of all biofluids, the one with greater potential in clinical peptidomics. Urinary proteins and peptides originate from the secretions of renal tubular epithelial cells, shedding of cells along the urinary tract, exosome secretion, and more importantly, from glomerular filtration of plasma. Therefore, beyond the renal system’s pathophysiological status, the urinary peptidome is influenced by systemic disturbances.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Lipid Membranes for Viral Assembly Research
The cell plasma membrane is mainly composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and embedded proteins, presenting a complex interface with the cell environment. Enveloped viruses are also surrounded by a lipidic membrane derived from the host-cell membrane and acquired during the assembly at and the budding from the host cell plasma membrane. In this perspective, model membranes, composed of selected lipid mixtures mimicking plasma membrane chemical and physical properties, are tools of choice to decipher the first steps of enveloped viruses assembly. Hereafter are detailled some of the existing artificial lipid membranes and their contribution in deciphering the assembly process of 3 well known envelopped virus, the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the Influenza virus (IfV) and the Ebola virus (EboV).
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microplastic Accumulation and Degradation in Environment
The extensive use of plastics in daily life has led to the generation of huge amounts of plastic waste, which causes an enormous burden on the environment. More than half of the plastic waste ends up in the landfill, and about one-fifth of waste is managed by incineration. Only about one-tenth of plastic waste is recycled, and the rest, about one-fifth of mismanaged plastic waste, ends up in the terrestrial and aquatic environment.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Potential Functionality of the MagR Protein
Recent findings have sparked great interest in the putative magnetic receptor protein MagR. However, in vivo experiments have revealed no magnetic moment of MagR at room temperature. Nevertheless, the interaction of MagR and MagR fusion proteins with silica-coated magnetite beads have proven useful for protein purification.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Engineering of Yeast for Bioethanol Production
Increased human population and the rapid decline of fossil fuels resulted in a global tendency to look for alternative fuel sources. Ethanol has been the primary fossil fuel alternative due to its low carbon emission rates, high octane content and comparatively facile microbial production processes. As a well-known platform microorganism and native ethanol producer, baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been the primary subject of interest for both academic and industrial perspectives in terms of enhanced ethanol production processes. Metabolic engineering strategies have been primarily adopted for direct manipulation of genes of interest responsible in mainstreams of ethanol metabolism. To overcome limitations of rational metabolic engineering, an alternative bottom-up strategy called inverse metabolic engineering has been widely used. In this context, evolutionary engineering, also known as adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), which is based on random mutagenesis and systematic selection, is a powerful strategy to improve bioethanol production of S. cerevisiae. Metabolic and evolutionary engineering strategies are intertwined and many metabolically engineered strains for bioethanol production can be further improved by powerful evolutionary engineering strategies as well as the recent advancements in directed genome evolution, including CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Oct 2023
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