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Topic Review
Management of Postoperative Chylothorax after Paediatric Cardiac Surgery
Chylothorax refers to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space. Its presence in the neonatal and pediatric population has been associated with numerous conditions, mainly chest trauma, thoracic surgery, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and primary or metastatic malignancy, particularly lymphoma.
  • 898
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Monomeric C-Reactive Protein in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
C-reactive protein (CRP) is the final product of the interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-6/CRP axis. Its monomeric form can be produced at sites of local inflammation through the dissociation of pentameric CRP and, to some extent, local synthesis. Monomeric CRP (mCRP) has a distinct proinflammatory profile. In vitro and animal-model studies have suggested a role for mCRP in: platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation; endothelial activation; leukocyte recruitment and polarization; foam-cell formation; and neovascularization. mCRP has been shown to deposit in atherosclerotic plaques and damaged tissues.
  • 897
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Multimodality Imaging
Multimodality imaging is the basis of the diagnosis, follow-up, and surgical management of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients.
  • 894
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
APJ in Myocardial Infarction- and Hypertension-Induced Heart Failure
The widely expressed G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ) is activated by two bioactive endogenous peptides, apelin and ELABELA (ELA). The apelin/ELA-APJ-related pathway has been found involved in the regulation of many physiological and pathological cardiovascular processes. Increasing studies are deepening the role of the APJ pathway in limiting hypertension and myocardial ischaemia, thus reducing cardiac fibrosis and adverse tissue remodelling, outlining APJ regulation as a potential therapeutic target for heart failure prevention.
  • 893
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Coronary Stenting
Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), comprising aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, is the cornerstone of post-percutaneous coronary intervention treatment to prevent stent thrombosis and reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.
  • 893
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Caval Valve Implantation for Tricuspid Regurgitation Treatment
Given the technical simplicity of the bicaval valve implantation (CAVI) technique compared to other transcatheter devices, CAVI is postulated as a suitable alternative for a wide variety of patients affected with severe+ tricuspid regurgitation.
  • 892
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Interventions
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common valvular pathology, estimated to affect 1.6 million people in the United States alone. Even though guidelines recommend either medical therapy or surgical treatment for TR, the misconception of TR as a benign disease along with the high mortality rates of surgical intervention led to undertreating this disease and commonly describing it as a “forgotten” valve.
  • 891
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Role of Smoking in the Pathogenesis of COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a high prevalence and is an important cause of hospitalization, disability, and mortality worldwide. The development and progression of COPD are characterized by airway inflammation and subsequent damage to the lung parenchyma. Prolonged exposure to particles and gases in cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for COPD development.
  • 890
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a form of heart failure, often severe, that occurs in previously healthy women at the end of their pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. In PPCM, the recovery of heart muscle function reaches 45–50%.
  • 890
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction Due to Diabetes and/or Insulin Resistance
Endothelial dysfunction is not only involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but is also associated with the progression of CKD. In patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia induce the development of endothelial dysfunction.
  • 890
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoproteins-Based Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Disease
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are complex endogenous nanoparticles involved in important functions such as reverse cholesterol transport and immunomodulatory activities, ensuring metabolic homeostasis and vascular health. The ability of HDL to interact with a plethora of immune cells and structural cells places it in the centre of numerous disease pathophysiologies. With a better understanding of the properties of synthetic and reconstituted HDL formulations and an increase in preclinical research, several HDL based nanoformulations have been tested in clinical trials.
  • 886
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Heart Failure Pillar-Directed Medical Therapy
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a clinical condition associated with cardiac contractility impairment. HFrEF is a significant public health issue with a high morbidity and mortality burden. Pathological left ventricular (LV) remodeling and progressive dilatation are hallmarks of HFrEF pathogenesis, ultimately leading to adverse clinical outcomes. Therefore, cardiac remodeling attenuation has become a treatment goal and a standard of care over the last three decades. Guideline-directed medical therapy mainly targeting the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has led to improved survival and a reduction in HF hospitalization in this population.
  • 885
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sirtuins in Cardiovascular Diseases
Adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, such as sudden cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke, are often catastrophic. Statins are frequently used to attenuate the risk of CVD-associated morbidity and mortality through their impact on lipids and they may also have anti-inflammatory and other plaque-stabilization effects via different signaling pathways. Different statins, including atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, and simvastatin, are administered to manage circulatory lipid levels. In addition, statins are potent inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase via modulating sirtuins (SIRTs).
  • 885
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and Immunomodulation
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has long been considered the pinnacle of homeostasis in cardiovascular physiology. Its main function involves regulation of blood pressure, via direct and indirect means, through electrolyte balance, and trophic and vasomotor functions. While historically associated with these basic functions, the role of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases has been more and more described, and a critical role of RAS in inflammation regulation has been suggested.
  • 884
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation in Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Chronic low-grade inflammation is involved in coronary atherosclerosis, presenting multiple clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to stable angina, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Coronary microvasculature consists of vessels with a diameter less than 500 μm, whose potential structural and functional abnormalities can lead to inappropriate dilatation and an inability to meet the required myocardium oxygen demands. 
  • 884
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Classification and Hemodynamic Definitions of Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a pathologic elevation of the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in a wide range of medical conditions. These conditions are classified according to similarities in pathophysiology and management in addition to their invasive hemodynamic profiles. The 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension present the newest clinical classification system and includes significant updates to the hemodynamic definitions. Pulmonary hypertension is now hemodynamically defined as an mPAP > 20 mmHg, reduced from the previous threshold of ≥25 mmHg, due to important insights from both normative and prognostic data. Pulmonary vascular resistance has been extended into the definition of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension, with an updated threshold of >2 Wood Units (WU), to help differentiate pulmonary vascular disease from other causes of increased mPAP. Exercise pulmonary hypertension has been reintroduced into the hemodynamic definitions and is defined by an mPAP/cardiac output slope of >3 mmHg/L/min between rest and exercise. While these new hemodynamic thresholds will have a significant impact on the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, no evidence-based treatments are available for patients with mPAP between 21–24 mmHg and/or PVR between 2–3 WU or with exercise PH. 
  • 883
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Statins and Chemotherapy-induced Cardiotoxicity
Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (CIC) is a heterogenous term that describes cardiotoxic effects from cancer therapeutics and encompasses mild asymptomatic myocardial injury and symptomatic heart failure with a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The term chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is often interchangeably used with chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy. Some individual studies have suggested that statins may also play an important role in decreasing the risk of CIC. A significant reduction in the incidence of chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy and the degree of LVEF decline in patients in the statin group compared to those in the control group. 
  • 882
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in Atherosclerosis
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a glucose analogue and the most-validated radiotracer for imaging high metabolically active inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) and tissues (e.g., atherosclerotic plaques) in animal models and humans [10]. The results have proven to be reproducible and modifiable via interventions that are anti-inflammatory [11]. FDG-PET imaging may mirror inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis due to the consumption of large amounts of glucose by inflammatory cells compared to other plaque cells.
  • 882
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tetrahydrocurcumin-Related Vascular Protection
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), one of the major metabolites of Curcumin (CUR), possesses several CUR-like pharmacological effects; however, its mechanisms of action are largely unknown. The effects of THC on angiogenesis in CaSki xenografted mice and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are well documented. On the other hand, as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound, THC is involved in enhancing homocysteine-induced mitochondrial remodeling in brain endothelial cells. The experimental evidence regarding the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury and the therapeutic potential of THC to alleviate mitochondrial cerebral dysmorphic dysfunction patterns is also scrutinized and explored. Overall, the studies on different animal models of disease suggest that THC can be used as a dietary supplement to protect against cardiovascular changes caused by various factors (such as heavy metal overload, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis). 
  • 882
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Diet Influence on Cardiovascular System in Health
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of hospitalization, death and disability in Europe. Despite our knowledge of nonmodifiable and modifiable cardiovascular classical risk factors, the morbidity and mortality in this group of diseases remains high, leading to high social and economic costs. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new factors, such as the gut microbiome, that may play a role in many crucial pathological processes related to cardiovascular diseases. Diet is a potentially modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals are nutrients that are essential to the proper function of the human body. 
  • 881
  • 08 Dec 2021
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