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Topic Review
Digital Twin-Based Numerical Simulation for Cold-Formed Steel Members
Cold-formed steel (CFS) members are manufactured at room temperature, offering benefits such as high strength, ease of transportation, and rapid erection and construction. The Digital Twin (DT)-based numerical simulation method is developed using the actual geometries of CFS shapes, which are acquired by a 3D laser scanner. 
  • 655
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Smart Cement-Based Composites
Under the strategies of low-carbon and environmental protection, promoting green technology innovation to achieve carbon neutrality in the construction field has become a universal goal. As the building material with the highest consumption, concrete has gradually begun to transform into a multi-functional and intelligent product. Therefore, the research on carbon fiber-reinforced cement-based composites (CFRCs) is of relative interest. It mainly uses carbon fibers (CFs) with high elasticity, strength, and conductivity to disperse evenly into the concrete as a functional filler, to achieve the intelligent integration of concrete structures and function innovatively. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of CFRC is not only related to the content of CFs and environmental factors but also largely depends on the uniform dispersion and the interfacial bonding strength of CFs in cement paste. 
  • 655
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Contractual Governance for Dispute Resolution in China
Disputes may disturb construction projects and stakeholders, and they may cause tremendous losses that hinder the sustainable development of construction. Therefore, contractual governance is significant in construction projects as a crucial method of dispute management. However, the interrelation of contract and dispute management has not been studied theoretically and comprehensively. In this regard, a framework for dispute governance was proposed in this entry, including governance structures (GSs), governance mechanisms (GMs) and an additional conceptual model, by using a literature analysis method. The results suggest that dispute structures based on owner-centered (OC), owner- and supervisor-decentralized (OSD) and additional independent representatives (AIRs) are often used. Each kind of GS can be applied in a specified project. On the other hand, GSs could be divided into an external GS and an internal GS, which played different roles in motivation mechanisms. In addition, a conceptual model was developed through literature analysis. Case studies were presented to investigate the relationship between the GS and GM. Then, specified GMs were identified from case studies of Chinese construction contracts. Current research can provide valuable information allowing for contract drafters and managers to realize the sustainable development of projects.
  • 648
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Evacuation Simulation under Threat of Wildfire
Wildfires have become a common incident, and they have been threatening people’s lives and assets. In the communities close to wildlands or wildland–urban interfaces (WUI), these threats become increasingly serious, and in case of wildfires, people are advised or often have to evacuate the area to save their lives. In order to have a safe and effective evacuation, data on people’s behavior and decisions during wildfires, evacuation modeling, and traffic simulations are required. 
  • 636
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Smart Decision-Support in Aging Buildings
The framework integrated digital technological advancements, such as building information modeling (BIM), point clouds processing with field information modeling (FIM)®, and structural optimization, together with lifecycle assessment to evaluate and rate the environmental impact of different solutions in aging buildings. Three sustainability aspects, namely, cost, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, were quantitatively evaluated and compared in two scenarios, namely, renovation, and demolition or deconstruction combined with redevelopment. Through a case study in Germany, it was demonstrated that the proposed framework can support decision-makers in selecting the optimal rehabilitation strategy in aging buildings.
  • 631
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
IJkdijk
The IJkdijk is a facility in the Netherlands to test dikes and to develop sensor network technologies for early warning systems. Furthermore, the sensor network will be able to detect many water-related environmental factors that affect the health of humans such as pollution and biological changes. Disasters on rivers and coastal waters are also detected. In studies of dike stability, about eighty dikes will be destroyed and establish, ultimately, a relation between the sensor readings and the future of the dike. Hence the (in Dutch) good-sounding name IJkdijk: dijk=dike and ijk is from the Dutch word ijken=to calibrate (models). Clearly the most urgent goal here is to forecast dike failures. In contrast to popular belief, most disasters with dikes occur because they are too wet and not because they are too low. Another major source of dike failures are streams of water flowing through the dike, ultimately destroying, through erosion, the dike from the inside. A detection system for these failure mechanisms might be cheaper and safer than the alternative: over-dimensioning by adding more clay. As dike improvements are very costly, e.g. 500 euros per meter, there is ample financial room to pay for the sensor system. The IJkdijk will also increase the geophysical understanding of dike behavior. A better understanding of dikes, expressed in a sensor-based early warning system in dikes, prevents unnecessary and costly over-dimensioning. That is good news for the owners of millions of kilometers of dikes that exist nowadays and the developers of millions of kilometers of dikes that will be constructed in the future.
  • 629
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sensing Systems in Construction and Built Environment
Embark on an illuminating exploration into the cutting-edge realm of built environment sensors with this comprehensive research. Tailored for relevance in construction, structural engineering, management, and planning industries, the research delves deep into the intricate landscape of state-of-the-art sensing systems and their integral components. Immerse yourself in a meticulous examination that categorizes and elucidates existing sensors, neatly organizing them into two expansive domains: structural health monitoring (SHM) and building environment monitoring (BEM). This research not only unveils the diversity of sensors but also provides a nuanced understanding of their pivotal roles in shaping the future of the built environment.
  • 628
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Decision Tree Analysis for Highway Network Management
One important aspect of network-level highway management is the rational distribution of the maintenance budget to the necessary assets. However, the decision making underlying budget allocation is often unclear, making it difficult to determine whether the budget is being allocated effectively.
  • 622
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in the Construction Sector
Advanced nanomaterials (NMs) have been widely used in several sectors, from medicine to electronics, aerospace, biotechnology, textiles, agriculture, and, most importantly, in the construction sector. Over the past two decades, the application of nanostructured materials in construction, such as concrete, paint, coatings, glass, renders, plasters, thermal insulation, steel, and even sensors, has become increasingly prevalent. However, previous studies and reports have raised concerns about the ecotoxicity and long-term impact of nanomaterials on human health and the environment. National and international legislation and regulations are struggling to keep up with the rapid development of nanomaterials, taking into account their unique characteristics and essential requirements for application and commercialization. This ressearch, based on existing standards for conventional materials and bibliometric networks of papers focused on nanomaterials, conducts a critical review and proposes relevant indicators for the application of nanomaterials in the construction sector. These indicators should be mandatory and are divided into environmental, human health, and economic perspectives, providing a risk assessment framework for applying nanomaterial-based constructive solutions oriented to environmental, social, and economic sustainability.
  • 617
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tier II Construction Management Strategy
A heightened need for the implementation of effective strategies to reduce labor shortages in the construction industry. The subsequent investigation outcomes have identified multiskilling labor strategies as viable solutions to alleviate labor deficiencies in the construction sector. A workforce management strategy, referred to as Tier II strategy metrics, is used in this study as a comprehensive approach to evaluate the construction workers’ competency levels.  
  • 608
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Smart Asphalt Mixtures
A smart asphalt mixture holds new capabilities different from the original ones or can react to a stimulus. These capabilities can be categorized based on smartness or function: smartness, mechanical, electrical, optical, energy harvesting, electromagnetic wave/radiation shielding/absorbing, and water related.  
  • 603
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Damage Detection in FRP-Reinforced Concrete Elements
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional steel reinforcements in concrete structures owing to their benefits of corrosion resistance, higher strength-to-weight ratio, reduced maintenance cost, extended service life, and superior durability. 
  • 585
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Masonry Walls with Stainless Steel Straps
Among all the active confinement techniques, the use of pre-tensioned stainless steel straps has recently gained much attention. The flexibility of the stainless steel straps allows us to bend and pass them through the thickness of the masonry, thus creating a three-dimensional strengthening system between the two opposite facings.
  • 579
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Natural Zeolites in Cement-Based Construction Materials
Natural zeolite is a honeycomb-structured aluminosilicate mineral with an open crystalline structure which makes it suitable for a variety of applications. The influence of natural zeolites on the workability and setting time of cement-based construction materials revealed that increasing the zeolite content led to a reduction in workability compared to the control mixes. At the same time, the initial and final setting times of cement pastes showed a decreasing trend with an increase in the replacement percentage. The slow pozzolanic reaction of clinoptilolite zeolite results in lower flexural strength and compressive strength values of mortars at the age of 28 days. Blending zeolites with other supplementary cementitious materials resulted in improved values of the mechanical properties of mortar and concrete. The findings regarding the impact of zeolite on the durability of concrete suggest that zeolite shows promise as a viable alternative to cement, with positive effects on various aspects of durability. The majority of the durability factors are interconnected. The presence of conflicting findings is particularly significant in this context, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach to address these challenges in the future.
  • 571
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Assessing Pavement Condition System in Epidemic
Maintaining the efficiency of road pavement is essential to achieving the highest road performance and comfort for road users. Pavement monitoring plays a significant role in maintaining the sustainability of road networks. Additionally, assessments have been performed using different equipment and devices or through visual inspections to determine the type and severity of pavement degradation.
  • 557
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Composites Reinforced with Polymer Fibers
Synthetic fibers are currently the most commonly used addition to various types of composites. The main aim of the addition of polymer fibers is improving mechanical properties, in particular bending strength and reducing the propagation of micro-cracks in the material. Depending on the type of fiber used, other benefits could be achieved, for example, increasing fire resistance, a decreasing thermal conductivity coefficient, or other features desirable for a particular application such as decreasing weight of the composites. The disadvantage of the polymer fiber could be used as raw material mainly not renewable resources. These kinds of fiber are usually obtained from limited resources such as crude oil, however, modern technologies allow also extract plastics from renewable raw materials—bio-based polymers. As the raw material, starch or bio-succinic acid are commonly used.
  • 553
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Management of Facility Assets
Effective facility asset management requires specific skills and tools to optimize the use of limited resources, making a decision support system essential.
  • 544
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Factors Impacting Bridge Deterioration in Gulf Cooperation Council
The deterioration module (DM) is one of the four major modules necessary for any bridge management system (BMS). Environmental conditions, structural systems, bridge configuration, geographic location, and traffic data are some of the major factors that affect the development of deterioration modules. This emphasizes the need for the development of deterioration models that reflect the local conditions. 
  • 542
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Stormwater Management Practices
Numerous efforts have been undertaken by Asian countries to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization on stormwater management. However, traditional stormwater systems have become overwhelmed due to extensive development, resulting in excessive runoff and frequent floods. As a result, it is crucial to urgently adopt sustainable stormwater management practices (SSMPs) to effectively control water quantity and quality. 
  • 532
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Smart City Infrastructure Resilience
A smart city is a concept of city operation that uses digital, information and communication technologies in order to make more efficient use of its infrastructure, reduce resource consumption and overall costs, and fulfil the goals of industries. However, to achieve such goals, a high level of security and protection of key infrastructures, which are designated as critical, is necessary. The research on smart cities is primarily focused on the area of applicability of information and communication technologies. However, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach, it is also necessary to pay attention to the resilience and converged security of individual infrastructures. Converged security represents a particular security type based on a selected spectrum of certain convergent security types of, assuming the creation of a complementary whole. Considering the outputs of the analysis of security breaches manifestations, this kind of security makes it possible to detect emerging security breaches earlier (still in the symptom stage), thus providing a more efficient and targeted solution suitable for building smart city infrastructure.
  • 530
  • 13 Sep 2023
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