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Topic Review
Advances in Non-Invasive Neuromodulation: Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation therapy that eliminates the need for internal device implantation, presenting as a favorable therapeutic option. This method relies on electrical surface stimulation, bypassing the need for surgical procedures.
  • 444
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lung Cancer: Lung Segmentation in Computer-Aided Decision Systems
Lung segmentation is a critical task necessary in the majority of lung imaging computer-aided decision (CAD) systems studies. Despite not being provided to radiologists in real scenarios, an accurate lung mask is absolutely crucial in the development of clinical support tools, avoiding the inclusion of noise and non-relevant background information, which also improves the efficiency of the usage of the computational resources. However, the main challenge to overcome remains the lack of robustness of the developed tools when analyzing lung images with completely different properties. The large diversity of lung pathological status and biological phenomena associated with severe imaging manifestations often result in extremely difficult segmentation cases, and models tend to fail in these scenarios.
  • 443
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mathematical Background of 5D model of the aorta
Visualization is crucial for the display and understanding of medical image data. For diagnostic and surgical planning, radiologists and surgeons must be able to evaluate the data appropriately. Many imaging systems’ data can incorporate both functional and structural information, resulting in 4D datasets. When the image contains spectral information, it can be extended to 5D in some circumstances. Overall, 5D imaging reveals more information than 4D imaging.
  • 441
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Synovial Sarcoma of the Extremities
Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare and highly malignant tumor and a type of soft tissue sarcoma (STS), for which survival has not improved significantly in recent years. Synovial sarcomas occur mostly in adolescents and young adults (15–35 years old), usually affecting the deep soft tissues near the large joints of the extremities, with males being at a slightly higher risk. Despite its name, synovial sarcoma is neither related to the synovial tissues that are a part of the joints, i.e., the synovium, nor does it express synovial markers; however, the periarticular synovial sarcomas can spread as a secondary tumor to the joint capsule. SS was initially described as a biphasic neoplasm comprising of both epithelial and uniform spindle cell components. Synovial sarcoma is characterized by the presence of the pathognomonic t (X; 18) (p11.2; q11.2) translocation, involving a fusion of the SS18 (formerly SYT) gene on chromosome 18 to one of the synovial sarcoma X (SSX) genes on chromosome X (usually SSX1 or SSX2), which is seen in more than 90% of SSs and results in the formation of SS18-SSX fusion oncogenes. 
  • 440
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sources and Attributes of Membrane-Coated Nanosystems
Achieving precise cancer theranostics necessitates the rational design of smart nanosystems that ensure high biological safety and minimize non-specific interactions with normal tissues. In this regard, “bioinspired” membrane-coated nanosystems have emerged as a promising approach, providing a versatile platform for the development of next-generation smart nanosystems.
  • 437
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Histopathological Gastric Cancer Detection on GasHisSDB Dataset
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, underscoring the need for early detection to improve patient survival rates. Deep learning pre-trained networks have shown promise in this regard, but each model can only extract a limited number of image features for classification. To overcome this limitation, the use of ensemble models, which combine the decisions of multiple pre-trained networks, proves to be effective.
  • 436
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Application of Organ-on-Chips for Intranasal Drug Delivery Studies
There have been attempts to manufacture anatomically relevant 3D replicas of the human nasal cavity for in vitro IN drug tests, and a couple of organ-on-chip (OoC) models, which mimic some key features of the nasal mucosa, have been proposed.
  • 434
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Technologies for Plasmon-Based Fluorescence Enhancement
Fluorescence is a widely used phenomenon in various scientific and technological fields, including biology, chemistry, medicine, and materials science. The fluorescence signal provides valuable information about molecular interactions, concentrations, and structural changes. Fluorescence exhibits numerous valuable applications, encompassing the detection of single molecules, fluorescence nanoscopy, biological labeling, and optoelectronic device functionality, among many others. Fluorescence enhancement is imperative for enhancing the sensitivity and precision of a wide range of scientific and technological applications that heavily rely on fluorescence detection. It is a crucial requirement to elevate the performance and reliability of these applications.
  • 433
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lab-on-a-Chip Electrochemical Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogen Detection
Foodborne pathogens are an important diagnostic target for the food, beverage, and health care industries due to their prevalence and the adverse effects they can cause to public health, food safety, and the economy. The standards that determine whether a given type of food is fit for consumption are set by governments and must be taken into account when designing a new diagnostic tool such as a biosensor platform. In order to meet these stringent detection limits, cost, and reliability standards, recent research has been focused on developing lab-on-a-chip-based approaches for detection devices that use microfluidic channels and platforms. The microfluidics-based devices are designed, developed, and used in different ways to achieve the established common standards for food pathogen testing that enable high throughput, rapid detection, low sample volume, and minimal pretreatment procedures. Combining microfluidic approaches with electrochemical biosensing could offer affordable, portable, and easy to use devices for food pathogen diagnostics.
  • 431
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Optical Biosensors for COVID-19 and Other Viruses Diagnosis
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • 427
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Photoacoustic Imaging with Single-Element Transducer in Animal Studies
Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid imaging technique that has received considerable attention in biomedical studies. In contrast to pure optical imaging techniques, photoacoustic imaging enables the visualization of optical absorption properties at deeper imaging depths. In preclinical small animal studies, photoacoustic imaging is widely used to visualize biodistribution at the molecular level. PAI systems used single-element US transducers to acquire data. Single-element transducers scanned around the animals to produce tomographic images.
  • 422
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Controlling Upper Limb Prostheses Using Sonomyography
A ground-breaking study by Zheng et al. investigated whether ultrasound imaging of the forearm might be used to control a powered prosthesis, and the term “sonomyography” (SMG) was coined by the group. Ultrasound signals have recently garnered the interest of researchers in the area of HMIs because they can collect information from both superficial and deep muscles and so provide more comprehensive information than other techniques. Due to the great spatiotemporal resolution and specificity of ultrasound measurements of muscle deformation, researchers have been able to infer fine volitional motor activities, such as finger motions and the dexterous control of robotic hands.
  • 419
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing in Orthopedics
Biomaterial implants are utilized to fix fractures or replace parts of the body. For the majority of these implant cases, either metal or polymer biomaterials are chosen in order to have a similar functional capacity to the original bone material. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a manufacturing technique that creates 3D objects by adding material layer by layer. The use of biodegradable polymers, additive manufacturing, and advanced 3D printing technologies offers promising solutions for improving biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and customization in the development of implants and tissue engineering constructs.
  • 417
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sericin in Bone Regeneration
The potential of sericin, a protein derived from silkworms, is explored in bone graft applications. Sericin’s biocompatibility, hydrophilic nature, and cost-effectiveness make it a promising candidate for enhancing traditional graft materials. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and UV-resistant properties contribute to a healthier bone-healing environment, and its incorporation into 3D-printed grafts could lead to personalized medical solutions.
  • 417
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Computational Challenges in Tissue Engineering
This entry deals with a brief review of the recent developments in computational modelling applied to innovative treatments of spine diseases. Additionally, it provides a perspective on the research directions expected for the forthcoming years. The spine is composed of distinct and complex tissues that require specific modelling approaches. With the advent of additive manufacturing and increasing computational power, patient-specific treatments have moved from being a research trend to a reality in clinical practice, but there are many issues to be addressed before such approaches become universal. Here, it is identified that the major setback resides in validation of these computational techniques prior to approval by regulatory agencies. Nevertheless, there are very promising indicators in terms of optimised scaffold modelling for both disc arthroplasty and vertebroplasty, powered by a decisive contribution from imaging methods.
  • 416
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Treatments Combined with Thermal Therapy
As a safe and minimal-invasive modality, thermal therapy has become an effective treatment in cancer treatment. Other than killing the tumor cells or destroying the tumor entirely, the thermal modality results in profound molecular, cellular and biological effects on both the targeted tissue, surrounding environments, and even the whole body, which has triggered the combination of the thermal therapy with other traditional therapies as chemotherapy and radiation therapy or new therapies like immunotherapy, gene therapy and so on. The combined treatments have shown encouraging therapeutic effects both in research and clinic. The heating of tissue can be realized by either electromagnetic or mechanical waves. Typical treatments include radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), magnetic particle hyperthermia (MPH), photothermal therapy (PTT), and high intensity-focused ultrasound (HIFU). Thermal ablation uses a temperature higher than 55 °C to induce direct coagulative necrosis of the targeted tumor tissue. In these ablation treatments, due to the thermal diffusion, the region of the tissue that surrounds the region with high lethal temperature will experience temperature that is in the range of hyperthermia. Cryoablation is usually realized by high-pressure gas or low-temperature liquids. Clinical thermal therapy techniques have been reported to show promising results from either in vitro studies or clinical retrospective evaluations in combination with other tumor treatment modalities, which include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and other minimally invasive therapy.
  • 416
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Micro-Arc Oxidation in Titanium and Its Alloys
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely recognized as preferred materials for bone implants due to their superior mechanical properties. However, their natural surface bio-inertness can hinder effective tissue integration. To address this challenge, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) has emerged as an innovative electrochemical surface modification technique. Its benefits range from operational simplicity and cost-effectiveness to environmental compatibility and scalability. Furthermore, the distinctive MAO process yields a porous topography that bestows versatile functionalities for biological applications, encompassing osteogenesis, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • 416
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Vision-Based Methods for Food and Fluid Intake Monitoring
Food and fluid intake monitoring are essential for reducing the risk of dehydration, malnutrition, and obesity. The existing research has been preponderantly focused on dietary monitoring, while fluid intake monitoring, on the other hand, is often neglected. Food and fluid intake monitoring can be based on wearable sensors, environmental sensors, smart containers, and the collaborative use of multiple sensors. Vision-based intake monitoring methods have been widely exploited with the development of visual devices and computer vision algorithms. Vision-based methods provide non-intrusive solutions for monitoring. They have shown promising performance in food/beverage recognition and segmentation, human intake action detection and classification, and food volume/fluid amount estimation. However, occlusion, privacy, computational efficiency, and practicality pose significant challenges.
  • 413
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Importance of Photoacoustic Tomography Image Post-Processing
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a promising imaging technique that utilizes the detection of light-induced acoustic waves for both morphological and functional biomedical imaging. However, producing high-quality images using PAT is still challenging and requires further research. Besides improving image reconstruction, an alternative way to address this issue is through image post-processing, which enhances and optimizes the reconstructed PAT image. Image post-processing methods have rapidly emerged in PAT and are proven to be essential in improving image analysis performance.
  • 407
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Properties of Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds for Clinical Applications
The limited regenerative capacity of the human body, in conjunction with a shortage of healthy autologous tissue, has created an urgent need for alternative grafting materials. A potential solution is a tissue-engineered graft, a construct which supports and integrates with host tissue. One of the key challenges in fabricating a tissue-engineered graft is achieving mechanical compatibility with the graft site; a disparity in these properties can shape the behaviour of the surrounding native tissue, contributing to the likelihood of graft failure.
  • 404
  • 30 Jun 2023
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