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Topic Review
Ankle and Foot Arthroplasty and Prosthesis
The foot and ankle serve vital roles in weight bearing, balance, and flexibility but are susceptible to many diverse ailments, making treatment difficult. More commonly, Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) and Total Talus Replacement (TTR) are used for patients with ankle degeneration and avascular necrosis of the talus, respectively. Ankle prosthesis and orthosis are also indicated for use with lower limb extremity amputations or locomotor disability, leading to the development of powered exoskeletons. However, patient outcomes remain suboptimal, commonly due to the misfitting of implants to the patient-specific anatomy. Additive manufacturing (AM) is being used to create customized, patient-specific implants and porous implant cages that provide structural support while allowing for increased bony ingrowth and to develop customized, lightweight exoskeletons with multifunctional actuators. AM implants and devices have shown success in preserving stability and mobility of the joint and achieving fast recovery, as well as significant improvements in gait rehabilitation, gait assistance, and strength for patients. 
  • 795
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Skin Tissue Engineering
Skin tissue engineering aimed to replace chronic tissue injury commonly occurred due to severe burn and chronic wound in diabetic ulcer patients. The normal skin is unable to be regenerated until the seriously injured tissue is disrupted and losing its function. 3D-bioprinting has been one of the effective methods for scaffold fabrication and is proven to replace the conventional method, which reported several drawbacks. In light of this, researchers have developed a new fabrication approach via 3D-bioprinting by combining biomaterials (bioinks) with cells and biomolecules followed by a suitable crosslinking approach. This advanced technology has been subcategorised into three different printing techniques including inject-based, laser-based, and extrusion-based printing. However, the printable quality of the currently available bioinks demonstrated shortcomings in the physicochemical and mechanical properties.
  • 793
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Practical Considerations for Next-Generation Adjuvant Development and Translation
Throughout the last two decades, there has been increasing focus on the discovery and translation of new immune-stimulating agents. These compounds are often collectively referred to as adjuvants due to their precedent of use in vaccine development. There has been an expansion in the application of adjuvants in oncology and other areas as the understanding and definition of adjuvants continue to grow. Adjuvants stimulate key cell types in the innate immune system and can influence the scale and class of immune response directed towards a given antigen or antigens.
  • 792
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Lung Cancer: Computer-Aided Decision Systems
Computer-aided decision systems could be defined as tools that automatically extract valuable information from medical data and help make more accurate and fast decisions. In lung cancer, CADs focus on using imaging results from CT scans and producing predictions that help the clinicians to decide on the follow-up of the patients or the best treatment plans. An effective CAD should comprise various components: pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, grading and characterization of cancer. An ideal CAD would present specific features (e.g. accurate, non-invasive, low-cost, repeatable, generalizable and interpretable) to be integrated into the clinical routine of the cancer assessment.
  • 790
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Genome-Editing Approaches toward Post-Implanted Fetuses in Mice
At least four ways have been known for induction of genome editing in individuals: the first is to perform genome editing at zygote stage; the second is at post-implanted stages, as exemplified by the mid-gestational stages (E9 to E15), which is called “in utero genome editing”; the third is at the mid-gestational stages, as exemplified by tail vein injection of genome editing components into the pregnant females, which is called “transplacental gene delivery to acquire genome-edited fetuses (TPGD-GEF); the last is at the newborn or adult stage, as exemplified by facial or tail vein injection of genome editing components. For fetal genome manipulation, the second and the third approaches can be employed. Here, detailed explanation of TPGD-GEF, and limitations of and possibilities for in utero genome editing and TPGD-GEF will be shown.
  • 788
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Electrical Stimulation Bioreactors
Electrical Stimulation (ES) bioreactors are defined here as any bioreactor capable of providing some type of ES to cells and organoids cultured within the device. Although there are several approaches to providing ES to cells, such as capacitive coupling and inductive stimulation, the most common method is direct stimulation.
  • 788
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gene-Editing Technology of Zebrafish
As a vertebrate model, zebrafish (Danio rerio) plays a vital role in the field of life sciences. Recently, gene-editing technology has become increasingly innovative, significantly promoting scientific research on zebrafish. However, the implementation of these methods in a reasonable and accurate manner to achieve efficient gene-editing remains challenging.
  • 780
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Characterization Technique for Exosomes
Exosomes distributed by extracellular vesicles carry various information highly consistent with cells, becoming a new type of biomarker for tumor screening. However, although conventional characterization technologies can quantify size and morphology for exosomes, they are limited in related fields such as function tracing, protein quantification at unit point, and microstructural information.
  • 776
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Orthopedic Biomaterials Related-Infections
One of the most serious complications following the implantation of orthopedic biomaterials is the development of infection. Orthopedic implant-related infections do not only entail clinical problems and patient suffering, but also cause a burden on healthcare care systems.
  • 775
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Human Ventilator
The human ventilator as equipment for pressure energy transfer: the risk of not taking in account Engineering aspects in such a complex problem. A short essay regarding Engineering issues regarding the human ventilators and comments on available data.
  • 774
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Application of Lab-on-a-Chip Techniques for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging
Single-molecule imaging technologies, especially those based on fluorescence, have been developed to probe both the equilibrium and dynamic properties of biomolecules at the single-molecular and quantitative levels. Lab-on-a-chip techniques have emerged as valuable tools in single-molecule fluorescence imaging, offering numerous advantages and enabling new possibilities for experimental design and analysis.
  • 774
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Sensors for Food Safety Applications
Considering the increasing concern for food safety, electrochemical methods for detecting specific ingredients in the food are currently the most efficient method due to their low cost, fast response signal, high sensitivity, and ease of use. 
  • 764
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Failure Analysis of TEVG’s I
Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts (TEVGs) are a promising alternative to treat vascular diseases. However, the interactions between the material and the biological and hemodynamic environment are still to be understood and optimization of the rational design of vascular grafts is an open challenge.  Considering the general stages of integration of vascular grafts, this review aims to analyze the key points leading either to regeneration or failure of vascular grafts related to the acute inflammatory responses. 
  • 763
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Microwaves in Medicine Leveraging Artificial Intelligence
Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with waves of electrical and magnetic energy transmitted at different frequencies. They are widely used in various industries, including the food industry, telecommunications, weather forecasting, and in the field of medicine. Microwave applications in medicine are relatively a new field of growing interest, with a significant trend in healthcare research and development. The first application of microwaves in medicine dates to the 1980s in the treatment of cancer via ablation therapy; since then, their applications have been expanded. Significant advances have been made in reconstructing microwave data for imaging and sensing applications in the field of healthcare. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled microwave systems can be developed to augment healthcare, including clinical decision making, guiding treatment, and increasing resource-efficient facilities. 
  • 759
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Lung Cancer: Lung Segmentation in Computer-Aided Decision Systems
Lung segmentation is a critical task necessary in the majority of lung imaging computer-aided decision (CAD) systems studies. Despite not being provided to radiologists in real scenarios, an accurate lung mask is absolutely crucial in the development of clinical support tools, avoiding the inclusion of noise and non-relevant background information, which also improves the efficiency of the usage of the computational resources. However, the main challenge to overcome remains the lack of robustness of the developed tools when analyzing lung images with completely different properties. The large diversity of lung pathological status and biological phenomena associated with severe imaging manifestations often result in extremely difficult segmentation cases, and models tend to fail in these scenarios.
  • 755
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterial-Based Aptasensors
Nanomaterial-Based aptasensors are used in rapid and accurate diagnosis of various biomarkers associated with medical conditions including early detection of viruses and bacteria.
  • 751
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Alveolus Lung-on-a-Chip Platform
Lung-on-a-chip platforms have emerged as a potential candidate to replace animal experiments because they can successfully simulate human physiology.
  • 748
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mathematical Background of 5D model of the aorta
Visualization is crucial for the display and understanding of medical image data. For diagnostic and surgical planning, radiologists and surgeons must be able to evaluate the data appropriately. Many imaging systems’ data can incorporate both functional and structural information, resulting in 4D datasets. When the image contains spectral information, it can be extended to 5D in some circumstances. Overall, 5D imaging reveals more information than 4D imaging.
  • 747
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Exploring Huntington’s Disease Diagnosis via Artificial Intelligence-Powered Models
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. The early and accurate diagnosis of HD is crucial for effective intervention and patient care. 
  • 746
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Personalized Wearable Biomedical Devices
Wearable devices have emerged as promising tools for personalized health monitoring, utilizing machine learning to distill meaningful insights from the expansive datasets they capture. Within the bio-electrical category, these devices employ biosignal data, such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), electromyograms (EMGs), electroencephalograms (EEGs), etc., to monitor and assess health. 
  • 746
  • 16 Apr 2024
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