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Topic Review
Melatonin for the Inhibition of Hypoxia-Induced Tumor Progression
Hypoxia has an important role in tumor progression via the upregulation of growth factors and cellular adaptation genes. These changes promote cell survival, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and energy metabolism in favor of cancer development. Hypoxia also plays a central role in determining the resistance of tumors to chemotherapy. Hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment provides an opportunity to develop new therapeutic strategies that may selectively induce apoptosis of the hypoxic cancer cells. Melatonin is well known for its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and seasonal reproduction. Numerous studies have also documented the anti-cancer properties of melatonin including anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, and apoptosis promotion. Here, we hypothesized that melatonin exerts the anti-cancer effects by inhibiting the hypoxia-induced pathways. Considering this action, co-administration of melatonin in combination with other therapeutic medications might increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs. We explained the possible signaling pathways by which melatonin inhibits the hypoxia-induced cancer cell survival, invasion, migration, and metabolism as well as tumor angiogenesis (This context is extracted from our published review study).
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Personalized Medicine in Cancer Therapy
Translational research has revolutionized how we develop new treatments for cancer patients. The change from an organ-centric concept guiding treatment choice towards deep molecular analysis, driving a personalized approach, is one of the most important advances of modern oncology. Several tools such as next generation sequencing and RNA sequencing have greatly improved the capacity to detect predictive and prognostic molecular alterations. Detection of gene mutations, amplifications, and fusions has therefore altered the history of several diseases in both a localized and metastatic setting. This shift in perspective, in which attention is focused on the specific molecular alterations of the tumor, has opened the door to personalized treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Electronic Noses in COPD
Exhaled breath analysis is a non-invasive method to study lung diseases, and electronic noses have been extensively used in breath research. Studies with electronic noses have proved that the pattern of exhaled volatile organic compounds is different in COPD. More recent investigations have reported that electronic noses could potentially distinguish different endotypes (i.e., neutrophilic vs. eosinophilic) and are able to detect microorganisms in the airways responsible for exacerbations. This entry reviews the published literature on electronic noses and COPD and help in identifying methodological, physiological, and disease-related factors which could affect the results.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Collagen Type XI Alpha 1
Collagen type XI alpha 1 (COL11A1) is one of the alpha chains of type XI collagen, which is important for bone development. Interestingly, COL11A1 levels are frequently upregulated in various cancers and high levels of COL11A1 are correlated with poor clinical outcome in many solid cancers. Increasing evidence shows that COL11A1 promotes tumor cell aggressiveness through multiple mechanisms.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Interactions between papillomavirus and tobacco
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is not a sufficient condition for cervical carcinogenesis. Tobacco smoke is a recognized cofactor. In this manuscript, we described the molecular mechanisms by which tobacco smoke affects the HPV role in cervical cancer. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Aug 2020
Topic Review
miRNAs in HTLV-1 Induced T Cell Leukemia
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was identified as the first pathogenic human retrovirus and is estimated to infect 5 to 10 million individuals worldwide. Unlike other retroviruses, there is no effective therapy to prevent the onset of the most alarming diseases caused by HTLV-1, and the more severe cases manifest as the malignant phenotype of adult T cell leukemia (ATL). MicroRNA (miRNA) dysfunction is a common feature of leukemogenesis, and it is no different in ATL cases. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Base Excision Repair Mechanisms
Base excision repair (BER) corrects forms of oxidative, deamination, alkylation, and abasic single-base damage that appear to have minimal effects on the helix. Since its discovery in 1974, the field has grown in several facets: mechanisms, biology and physiology, understanding deficiencies and human disease, and using BER genes as potential inhibitory targets to develop therapeutics.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
CML BCR-ABL1 positive is an acquired clonal myeloproliferative hematological malignancy derived from an abnormal pluripotent bone marrow stem cell. The leukemic cell clone consistently is characterized by a specific cytogenetic anomaly the so-called Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome representing a reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2) which generates the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Cryptic translocations -being invisible on banding chromosome preparations- or variant translocations involving other chromosomes may represent an obstacle when establishing a diagnosis of CML. The presence of the Ph1 chromosome or BCR-ABL1 sharply separates CML from other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) like essential thrombocytosis (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and idiopathic (osteo)myelofibrosis (OMF/IMF). Notably, the detection of the Ph1 chromosome is not sufficiently specific to diagnose CML, as it is also found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2–5% of pediatric cases of ALL). The BCR-ABL1 is present in the bone marrow in all myeloid lineages as well as in some lymphoid cells. Whether endothelial cells of the bone marrow niche are BCR-ABL1 positive is a matter of debate. Morphologically, CML is characterized by a hypercellular bone marrow, an unregulated growth of myeloid cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and megakaryocytes) resulting in abnormally high level of morphologically terminally differentiated granulocytes, as well as myeloid precursor cells in the blood and is associated with splenic enlargement in >60% of affected children.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Immunotherapy and Delivery System
Immunotherapy is a powerful clinical strategy for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, and an understanding of cancer immunology is important to the optimization of this strategy to achieve higher efficacy. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Dots for Cancer Therapy
Diagnostic approaches and chemotherapeutic delivery based on nanotechnologies, such as nanoparticles (NPs), could be promising candidates for the new era of cancer research. Recently great attention has been received by carbon-based nanomaterials such as Carbon Dots (CDs), due their variegated physical-chemical properties that makes these systems appealing for multiple use from bioimaging, biosensing, nano-carriers for drug delivery systems to innovative therapeutic agents in photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Numerous researchers evaluated the possible use of CDs as targeted anticancer drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, as well as gene delivery for cancer theranostic.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
ROS in Cancer Cell Metabolism
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cellular processes whereas deregulated ROS leads to the development of a diseased state in humans including cancers. Several studies have been found to be marked with increased ROS production which activates pro-tumorigenic signaling, enhances cell survival and proliferation and drives DNA damage and genetic instability. However, higher ROS levels have been found to promote anti-tumorigenic signaling by initiating oxidative stress-induced tumor cell death. Tumor cells develop a mechanism where they adjust to the high ROS by expressing elevated levels of antioxidant proteins to detoxify them while maintaining pro-tumorigenic signaling and resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, ROS manipulation can be a potential target for cancer therapies as cancer cells present an altered redox balance in comparison to their normal counterparts.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OIPN) is a severe and potentially permanent side effect of cancer treatment affecting the majority of oxaliplatin-treated patients, mostly with the onset of acute symptoms, but also with the establishment of a chronic sensory loss that is supposed to be due to dorsal root ganglia neuron damage. The pathogenesis of OIPN is still largely unknown. This lack of information is a limitation in the identification of effective strategies to prevent or limit OIPN incidence and severity. So far, no treatment is available for the prevention of OIPN, although duloxetine showed moderate evidence of efficacy in the reduction of OIPN symptoms. On this background, several neuroprotection clinical trials are ongoing in oxaliplatin-treated patients, although only part of them relies on solid preclinical evidence supporting the study hypothesis. Based on the available literature it can be concluded that dose and schedule modification is currently the most effective approach to limit the severity of OIPN since pharmacological prevention and treatment of OIPN still remains an unmet clinical need.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
The most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults is diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL). There is a historical unmet need for more effective therapies in the 2nd and 3rd line setting. Emerging immunochemotherapies have shown activity in small studies of heavily pre-treated patients with prolonged remissions achieved in some patients. Anti-CD19 CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells are potentially curative in the 3rd line and beyond setting and are under investigation in earlier lines of therapy. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC’s) such as polatuzumab vedotin targeting the pan-B-cell marker CD79b has proven effectiveness in multiply-relapsed DLBCL patients. Tafasitamab (MOR208) is an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody producing prolonged remissions when combined with Lenalidomide (LEN) in patients who were not candidates for salvage chemotherapy or autologous stem cell transplant. Selinexor, an oral, small-molecule selective inhibitor of XPO1-mediated nuclear export (SINE), demonstrated prolonged activity against heavily-pretreated DLBCL without cumulative toxicity and is being investigated as part of an oral, chemotherapy-free regimen for relapsed aggressive lymphoma. This article reviews current strategies and novel therapies for relapsed/refractory DLBCL.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
RadioIodine Treatment
Thyroid radioiodide or radioiodine therapy (RAI) is one of the oldest known and used targeted therapies. In thyroid cancer, it has been used for more than eight decades and is still being used to improve thyroid tumor treatment to eliminate remnants after thyroid surgery, and tumor metastases. Knowledge at the molecular level of the genes/proteins involved in the process has led to improvements in therapy, both from the point of view of when, how much, and how to use the therapy according to tumor type. The effectiveness of this therapy has spread into other types of targeted therapies, and this has made sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) one of the favorite theragnostic tools. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. About 90% of PDAC cases are diagnosed in patients older than 55 years, and with increased longevity in the general population PDAC burden is expected to rise. Still, the survival is abysmal, with a 5-year survival rate of 8.2%.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids Synergistically Enhance Anti-Glioblastoma Effects of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites with pleiotropic biological properties, including anti-cancer activities. These natural compounds have potential utility in glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant central nervous system tumor derived from astrocytes. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Organoids in Pediatric Brain Tumor Precision Medicine
Malignant brain neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of tumors, including glioma, ependymoma, embryonal tumors, and many other (rare) entities and subentities, affecting patients from birth to adulthood. Organoids emerged as three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems for modeling healthy and diseased tissues. These organoids potentially model development, diseases, and drug responses [13]. They are self-organizing three-dimensional structures that closely mimic an organ or tissue at a morphological, cellular, and functional level.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Heat Shock Protein 70 Inhibitors
A class of chaperones dubbed heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) possesses high relevance in cancer diseases due to its cooperative activity with the well-established anticancer target Hsp90. However, Hsp70 is closely connected with a smaller heat shock protein, Hsp40, forming a formidable Hsp70-Hsp40 axis in various cancers, which serves as a suitable target for anticancer drug design. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Escherichiacoli Nissle 1917
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a commonly used probiotic in clinical practice. Its facultative anaerobic property drives it to selectively colonize in the hypoxic area of the tumor for survival and reproduction. EcN can be engineered as a bacteria-based microrobot for molecular imaging, drug delivery, and gene delivery.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Euphorbia cactus
Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb ex Boiss. is a plant species reported from central Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae. The plant has ethnobotanical values and is well-known for its milky latex, which has been turned into medicine to treat various ailments. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Mar 2022
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