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Topic Review
Fibrinogen and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease, represent a significant cause of premature death worldwide. Biomarkers, the evaluation of which would allow the detection of ASCVD at the earliest stage of development, are intensively sought. Moreover, from a clinical point of view, a valuable biomarker should also enable the assessment of the patient’s prognosis. It has been known for many years that the concentration of fibrinogen in plasma increases, inter alia, in patients with ASCVD. On the one hand, an increased plasma fibrinogen concentration may be the cause of the development of atherosclerotic lesions (increased risk of atherothrombosis); on the other hand, it may be a biomarker of ASCVD, as it is an acute phase protein. In addition, a number of genetic polymorphisms and post-translational modifications of fibrinogen were demonstrated that may contribute to the risk of ASCVD.
  • 950
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome associated with poor quality of life, substantial healthcare resource utilization, and premature mortality, in large part related to high rates of hospitalizations. The clinical manifestations of heart failure are similar regardless of the ejection fraction. Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, there are few therapeutic options for treating heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Molecular therapies that have shown reduced mortality and morbidity in heart failure with reduced ejection have not been proven to be effective for patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. The study of pathophysiological processes involved in the production of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is the basis for identifying new therapeutic means.
  • 949
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Physical Activity in Polluted Air and Cardiovascular Health
Both exposure to higher levels of polluted air and physical inactivity are crucial risk factors for the development and progression of major noncommunicable diseases and, in particular, of cardiovascular disease. While regular physical activity is well known to improve general health, it may also increase the uptake and deposit of air pollutants in the lungs/airways and circulation, due to increased breathing frequency and minute ventilation, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
  • 948
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is defined as HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) not less than 50%. HFpEF accounts for more than 50% of all HF patients, and its prevalence is increasing year to year with the aging population, with its prognosis worsening.
  • 945
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Interventional Cardiology of Chronic Heart Failure
Chronic heart failure (HF) is classified into two types: HFrEF—heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; and HFpEF—heart failure with “preserved” EF. In both the cases, increased left ventricular filling pressure impact on symptoms and on myocardial perfusion. Thus, device-based solutions were proposed to improve cardiac physiology in HF and to prevent or treat post-capillary pulmonary hypertension.
  • 942
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiomyopathies
In the realm of cardiovascular diseases, it significantly contributes to cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Ferroptosis involves intricate interactions within cellular iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and the balance between polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Molecularly, factors like p53 and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) impact cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis under oxidative stress. Understanding ferroptosis is vital in cardiomyopathies, where cardiac myocytes heavily depend on aerobic respiration, with iron playing a pivotal role. Dysregulation of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) is linked to cardiomyopathies, emphasizing its significance. Ferroptosis’s role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, exacerbated in diabetes, underscores its relevance in cardiovascular conditions.
  • 942
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Exosomes and Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Accumulating evidences have highlighted the importance of exosomes and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cardiac physiology and pathology.
  • 941
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Management of Postoperative Chylothorax after Paediatric Cardiac Surgery
Chylothorax refers to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space. Its presence in the neonatal and pediatric population has been associated with numerous conditions, mainly chest trauma, thoracic surgery, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and primary or metastatic malignancy, particularly lymphoma.
  • 941
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Electrocardiogram-AI and Cardiovascular System
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is among the most commonly utilized clinical tests for patient monitoring and assessment because it is easy to acquire and provides extensive information about patients’ cardiac health. Instead, continuous, real-time, remote monitoring allows for a more rigorous oversight of patients’ conditions, even compared to in-hospital observation. Wearable devices to address monitoring are now a prominent focus of industry, which in turn provides strong motivation for applying artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to ECG signals for automated disease detection and prediction.
  • 940
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Tafazzin in Mitochondrial Function, Development and Disease
Tafazzin, an enzyme associated with the rare inherited x-linked disorder Barth Syndrome, is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial transacylase that is highly conserved across multiple species and plays an important role in mitochondrial function. 
  • 939
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Inherited Arrhythmogenic Syndromes
Inherited arrhythmogenic syndromes are the primary cause of unexpected lethal cardiac episodes in young people. It is possible that the first sign of the condition may be sudden death. Inherited arrhythmogenic syndromes are caused by genetic defects that may be analyzed using different technical approaches. A genetic alteration may be used as a marker of risk for families who carry the genetic alterations. Therefore, the early identification of the responsible genetic defect may help the adoption of preventive therapeutic measures focused on reducing the risk of lethal arrhythmias.
  • 938
  • 13 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides, Their Receptors and Metabolism
Cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs), atrial NP (ANP) and B-type NP (BNP) are true hormones produced and released by cardiomyocytes, exerting several systemic effects. Together with C-type NP (CNP), mainly expressed by endothelial cells, they also exert several paracrine and autocrine activities on the heart itself, contributing to cardiovascular (CV) health. NPs prevent cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies, counteracting the development and progression of heart failure (HF). Moreover, some studies revealed that a protein structurally similar to NPs mainly produced by skeletal muscles and osteoblasts called musclin/osteocrin is able to interact with the NPs clearance receptor, attenuating cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis and promoting heart protection during pathological overload. 
  • 937
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Environment, Gut Microbiota, and CAD
Gut microbiota has been shown to affect the cardiovascular system through different mechanisms, representing a potentially modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. This opens new perspectives on therapeutic and preventive strategies for coronary artery disease (CAD). Gut microbiota strongly varies depending on several environmental and lifestyle factors, such as pollution and diet, and maintains a symbiotic relationship with the gut mucosa, with substantial metabolic, immunological, and gut protective functions in the healthy individual.
  • 936
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cardiometabolic Care
The mechanisms leading to the development of heart failure (HF) in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are multifactorial. Assessing the risk of HF development in patients with DM is valuable not only for the identification of a high-risk subgroup, but also equally important for defining low-risk subpopulations. DM and HF have been recognized as sharing similar metabolic pathways. Moreover, the clinical manifestation of HF can be independent of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) classification. Consequently, approaching HF should be through structural, hemodynamic and functional evaluation. 
  • 936
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cause of non-ischaemic heart failure, conferring high morbidity and mortality, including sudden cardiac death due to systolic dysfunction or arrhythmic sudden death. Within the DCM cohort exists a group of patients with familial disease.
  • 935
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is an unusual, but potentially harmful, manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis (SA), a chronic disease characterized by organ involvement from noncaseating and nonnecrotizing granulomas. Lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes are usually the sites that are most frequently affected, but no organ is spared and CS can affect a variable portion of SA patients, up to 25% from post-mortem studies. The cardiovascular involvement is usually associated with a bad prognosis and is responsible for the major cause of death and complications, particularly in African American patients. Furthermore, the diagnosis is often complicated by the occurrence of non-specific clinical manifestations, which can mimic the effect of more common heart disorders, and imaging and biopsies are the most valid approach to avoid misdiagnosis.
  • 934
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Congenital Heart Defects
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are malformations present at birth that occur during heart development. Increasing evidence supports a genetic origin of CHD.
  • 934
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Induced Cardiomyocyte Proliferation
Spontaneous cardiomyocyte regeneration has been demonstrated in embryonic and neonatal mammals after genetic ablation, apical resection, or myocardial infarction. Adult cardiomyocyte proliferation and turnover have been reported to be minimal in human heartsand rodents. Cardiomyocyte division was also demonstrated to occur at a very low rate after acute and chronic infarction in humans.
  • 934
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction Due to Diabetes and/or Insulin Resistance
Endothelial dysfunction is not only involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but is also associated with the progression of CKD. In patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia induce the development of endothelial dysfunction.
  • 934
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Cardiomyopathies
Pediatric inherited cardiomyopathies (CMPs) and channelopathies (CNPs) remain important causes of death in this population, therefore, there is a need for prompt diagnosis and tailored treatment. Conventional evaluation fails to establish the diagnosis of pediatric CMPs and CNPs in a significant proportion, prompting further, more complex testing to make a diagnosis that could influence the implementation of lifesaving strategies. Genetic testing in CMPs and CNPs may help unveil the underlying cause, but needs to be carried out with caution given the lack of uniform recommendations in guidelines about the precise time to start the genetic evaluation or the type of targeted testing or whole-genome sequencing. A very diverse etiology and the scarce number of randomized studies of pediatric CMPs and CNPs make genetic testing of these maladies far more particular than their adult counterpart. The genetic diagnosis is even more puzzling if the psychological impact point of view is taken into account. This review aims to put together different perspectives, state-of-the art recommendations—synthetizing the major indications from European and American guidelines—and psychosocial outlooks to construct a comprehensive genetic assessment of pediatric CMPs and CNPs.
  • 933
  • 05 Nov 2020
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